tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-41110731730638369602024-03-01T19:44:54.432+08:00逍遙遊 going placesStevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.comBlogger1227125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-5244250786293686892022-06-03T21:49:00.001+08:002022-06-03T21:49:27.447+08:00<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #3d85c6; font-size: large;">消失中的詩巫河岸景觀</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #ea9999; font-size: large;">the vanishing faces of Sibu waterfront</span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUwUbr2QdBt90LVqzrovwV8jgfDf1ejnFd--fSNZI90ZXA6Wzs_gXhrDuzKA-_h7lr-ew0mkObjOCh-U3nf3doZpEcZ_QIDArvNecDIxOpmjSb9FHM0xKUT2K24gE7qW4h9JD-vfMmh0-G4tm_5kYlxHNdAsNdN3XQHWJ8pDquStuT_ZDImKHGy6Fidw/s747/Sibu%20waterfront-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="500" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUwUbr2QdBt90LVqzrovwV8jgfDf1ejnFd--fSNZI90ZXA6Wzs_gXhrDuzKA-_h7lr-ew0mkObjOCh-U3nf3doZpEcZ_QIDArvNecDIxOpmjSb9FHM0xKUT2K24gE7qW4h9JD-vfMmh0-G4tm_5kYlxHNdAsNdN3XQHWJ8pDquStuT_ZDImKHGy6Fidw/s320/Sibu%20waterfront-1.jpg" width="214" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1-QpuA6nm-VJJQip0wBz0DHnGJzDYK33pJZqyU_BewLAWUokk3sNK0K-jByDDzL28fXjOpJMZJFt6QyOIsKqNlsTAdZTFhwpzvYpXj-JmSpfdUAUx3mANqJYaNhAKdAASMx61KKz42K88aQMY2TFdqD7TNH71X4GvXz_5NtTfCbGWGpzbp_wA7KaaRg/s600/Sibu%20waterfront-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="435" data-original-width="600" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1-QpuA6nm-VJJQip0wBz0DHnGJzDYK33pJZqyU_BewLAWUokk3sNK0K-jByDDzL28fXjOpJMZJFt6QyOIsKqNlsTAdZTFhwpzvYpXj-JmSpfdUAUx3mANqJYaNhAKdAASMx61KKz42K88aQMY2TFdqD7TNH71X4GvXz_5NtTfCbGWGpzbp_wA7KaaRg/s320/Sibu%20waterfront-2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvG8Qig9p9uQWFVcDlU2z_I3iTu1g_xH2K0PlCyVJCoMyR0yDJ6H_oI786LvJO7pvZOQgIOl-RlECsBaFdjGFl5YNW1d95em0yQG6g7OR8auZRuqCgGMkJ-IuHDlz8GaAJ5FKR4kKGKDBPkJKJP4qlgTuDQGhpfCa9lD5_5FOV1Tq-xyUErz9-mGrB9Q/s600/Sibu%20waterfront-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="600" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvG8Qig9p9uQWFVcDlU2z_I3iTu1g_xH2K0PlCyVJCoMyR0yDJ6H_oI786LvJO7pvZOQgIOl-RlECsBaFdjGFl5YNW1d95em0yQG6g7OR8auZRuqCgGMkJ-IuHDlz8GaAJ5FKR4kKGKDBPkJKJP4qlgTuDQGhpfCa9lD5_5FOV1Tq-xyUErz9-mGrB9Q/s320/Sibu%20waterfront-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYqzmGFJIQDC0WXKOXVGLGXxMYcUfJBXqQ5oT5qwnmk-uW2LvFQTPjwGIGn5xgAL8hRZ8HWbnvrD86-iyxicxqgg1GZKpvmyawsoVeQPhXEhRlxV9Wfo3ueGtvUqCRbPHZ4fjSh_KpuQiVA-wlf210bqDH-QHEA7iQlvaWg2LT0DV9modG9kkxg5RPMA/s1000/Sibu%20waterfront-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="670" data-original-width="1000" height="214" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYqzmGFJIQDC0WXKOXVGLGXxMYcUfJBXqQ5oT5qwnmk-uW2LvFQTPjwGIGn5xgAL8hRZ8HWbnvrD86-iyxicxqgg1GZKpvmyawsoVeQPhXEhRlxV9Wfo3ueGtvUqCRbPHZ4fjSh_KpuQiVA-wlf210bqDH-QHEA7iQlvaWg2LT0DV9modG9kkxg5RPMA/s320/Sibu%20waterfront-4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTEuLjmNDv1dXUfH7Hq1KHkvr2WFbwJ_ix3opLRPptk8ofNwTxQtD3eqn-vJVkE5-gbTGpyaALcmUzWjU1rZaKW4J2auG4g1Zf_8x-67s0HiQZ5wV8KKSkt-TCC16pOsHZ2r0mWx0w-QcTWr_FZy_W6FLq8MgXFEkbU7R4oZVpjbuZ06hSR5u0sdkBsg/s1000/Sibu%20waterfront-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="642" data-original-width="1000" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTEuLjmNDv1dXUfH7Hq1KHkvr2WFbwJ_ix3opLRPptk8ofNwTxQtD3eqn-vJVkE5-gbTGpyaALcmUzWjU1rZaKW4J2auG4g1Zf_8x-67s0HiQZ5wV8KKSkt-TCC16pOsHZ2r0mWx0w-QcTWr_FZy_W6FLq8MgXFEkbU7R4oZVpjbuZ06hSR5u0sdkBsg/s320/Sibu%20waterfront-5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Sibu is an inland town, along the majestic Rajang River, longest in Malaysia. due to its location, during the under-developed years, its transport is entirely if not totally depend on water transport, either up-river or lower Rajang, even inter-towns. air transport is much better than road transport, but it usually was inter-towns, especially better developed towns or city, like Kuching, Miri, Bintulu.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">now, with the coming up of more & more roads, and into the interior of Sarawak, along the Rajang river, the importance of water transport has since badly affected.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">during the hare day of the water or riverline transport, the fast moving express boats number could be as much as forty to fifty up & down the river. that's why, the competitions for passengers was also fierce once, until later days, with the intervene of all concern, timetables was drawn up, everybody had their chance. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">every morning, as early as 5:45am, the first boats are already on their way, both directions. and, because of the hilly locations and misty environment, accidents occured once or twice, quite a number of passengers perished. later, a speed controlled was imposed.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Sibu was becoming an important boats, later bigger ships building venue, due to the dependance of water transport. gradually, lighter & faster express boats, with better usage of engines, and design, all making their ways into the river.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">unfortunately, times changed.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">visitors to this part of Sarawak, if you're coming in 2022, make sure you make every effort to try on the remaining express boats in the river, either to Kapit, or Belaga, or Putai, and enjoy the riverline scenery, along the river, long houses are the biggest attractions. </div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">如果你是在2022年才來到砂拉越的中區,尤其是詩巫,必須確保你還有機會至少乘坐一次的水上快艇,前往上游的加帛,或更上游的布拉甲和富台(布代).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">由於陸路的建造,多年來都須靠水路往返各地的詩巫等中區各大小鎮居民,已快速的拋棄了水路的麻煩和等待,自由自在奔馳在道路上,以致於水上交通呈現一片凋零.詩巫至加帛,只乘下一天一趟.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">當然,由於水路,詩巫的碼頭區,也成為必須一遊和一看的地點.見識一下這里的景觀,看看仍停泊在碼頭前的許多快艇,捷艇,和各類大小貨船,長舟等.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">過去,碼頭區也是貨運重要的地點,來來去去的送貨上船,或由船上卸貨的碼頭工友,一整天的忙碌和勞動.加上乘搭快艇的乘客上下船情景,雖然還可以見到些許情景,卻與過去熱鬧的情況,已相去甚遠了.</div>文字不能表達對拉讓江水上航運的興盛和沒落的嘆息.只希望將來仍然有旅遊業人士,願意保留三幾艘的快艇,做為水上旅遊的船隻,也為快艇業的歷史,留下一點重要的遺跡.<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /> <p></p>Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-85276652719580343912022-06-02T22:19:00.004+08:002022-06-02T22:24:36.645+08:00FIND OUT what can you see around Rajang River, in Central Sarawak 砂拉越中區拉讓江地區----等你來發現<p></p><div style="text-align: center;"> <u><span style="color: #f6b26b; font-size: large;">加拿逸 Kanowit</span></u></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMy8QnhrOlRjSCBHnzdHnwzL0b6H-2-eiBqhvN4BEAs5fbf4OUFO5gJsv0b07Mk8PUTdMzVMxX6cQC9C4MWGjZCwFx6XRzTGPp3AQx5B2uFSoGpT173SaSMbWmZ6DA6dnz_MzLM0gxTpl8IBq7gsM8S6Sv-MwpAjggpjguahAWSx41xNmSnjQ1t64hew/s1000/Kanowit-4.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="698" data-original-width="1000" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMy8QnhrOlRjSCBHnzdHnwzL0b6H-2-eiBqhvN4BEAs5fbf4OUFO5gJsv0b07Mk8PUTdMzVMxX6cQC9C4MWGjZCwFx6XRzTGPp3AQx5B2uFSoGpT173SaSMbWmZ6DA6dnz_MzLM0gxTpl8IBq7gsM8S6Sv-MwpAjggpjguahAWSx41xNmSnjQ1t64hew/s320/Kanowit-4.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA3aIjfwlfWcWjxw80cZGF-ARk6O4HuMHJJ8WjLvvg26ArhqtFIeKet73YNKzKsKsRNHReALsW9HVI6rh3bx2L_eED5o0RlP0CSan-xIT6bOlXi_4jI2rTSD9nDduqOr-YwkgBHZ_LNNDBKMbr-pn8xuxIN_JbLbTnryZdNor3R-H3gMew_6zHAN94UA/s1000/Kanowit-1.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhA3aIjfwlfWcWjxw80cZGF-ARk6O4HuMHJJ8WjLvvg26ArhqtFIeKet73YNKzKsKsRNHReALsW9HVI6rh3bx2L_eED5o0RlP0CSan-xIT6bOlXi_4jI2rTSD9nDduqOr-YwkgBHZ_LNNDBKMbr-pn8xuxIN_JbLbTnryZdNor3R-H3gMew_6zHAN94UA/s320/Kanowit-1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4nPaHiTf_24yWgz5TPRGXcPCj8dnUi5yWKV7nR5z6Ybj7SVdIVCWubZqhzCk8jFON2k9s99bqaFDf-h_ZjsB7pBDBg8PoQDflExx8MvNuFyKAApxpzyl1gJ_T4m_cdFSw3_zBHVz-6X863YNzjdZqauDtdtrUCvhI1MrrWNhloIkwnypCqv4tDArzg/s1000/Kanowit-3.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="667" data-original-width="1000" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL4nPaHiTf_24yWgz5TPRGXcPCj8dnUi5yWKV7nR5z6Ybj7SVdIVCWubZqhzCk8jFON2k9s99bqaFDf-h_ZjsB7pBDBg8PoQDflExx8MvNuFyKAApxpzyl1gJ_T4m_cdFSw3_zBHVz-6X863YNzjdZqauDtdtrUCvhI1MrrWNhloIkwnypCqv4tDArzg/s320/Kanowit-3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">加拿逸是拉讓江中游的一個古老小鎮,比詩巫還要早,並且更上游一點.過去,陸路不通的時候,水路和快船及小舟,是去到這個小鎮的唯一途徑.</div><div style="text-align: left;">陸路去加拿逸,如果由詩巫出發,通常可以先由詩巫的沙廉路(Jalan Salim), 通向江鐸琴路,俗稱Stabau, 或 Jalan Kong Yit Khim. 然後由如仙橋 Durin bridge 底下穿過,再左轉上橋.</div><div style="text-align: left;">過了如仙橋,左邊可見招牌,指示左轉,朝江邊捷路朝加拿逸出發.只要一直走,不過半小時,就會到達加拿逸.</div><div style="text-align: left;">加拿逸有甚麼好看,先是著名的古堡"伊瑪堡"(Fort Emma)(built in 1851),再與堡上的美人魚拍張照留念.為何在古堡有美人魚? </div><div style="text-align: left;">要知道答案嗎? 去到你就明白了.</div><div style="text-align: left;">加拿逸還有一座英雄紀念碑,在古堡旁.紀念為地區犧牲的軍警.</div><div style="text-align: left;">江邊有一座古廟,以及古色古香的河岸,至今(2022年),仍有鄉區人民以長舟前來市鎮.陸路雖然是通了,拉讓江支流的加拿逸河上游,仍有數百座長屋,至今"此路不通".你相信嗎?</div><div style="text-align: left;">不信?看看你能在加拿逸河上游看到,或去到多少座長屋.</div><div style="text-align: left;">有問題? 可以通過電郵: stevelinglt@gmail.com, 或面書 Pro Steve 聯絡.</div><div style="text-align: left;">at least three things you can do in Kanowit. </div><div style="text-align: left;">first, the Fort Emma, and embrace the "mermaid" by the fort.</div><div style="text-align: left;">then, the Hero Monument, beside the fort. other than the soldiers killed during fighting in the 1960's-70's, long before that, two White Rajah European men were killed there.</div><div style="text-align: left;">long houses along the Kanowit River, not accessible by road until 2022, still using long boats coming to Kanowit and nearby towns Julau. so the waterfront is a good place to explore.</div><div style="text-align: left;">come, and see, find out for yourselves, not just listen or watching video clips, or reading this article.</div><div style="text-align: left;">if you have any equiry, feel free to email at stevelinglt@gmail.com. or facebook page looking for Pro Steve. not professional though, just prodigal.</div><p></p>Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-78036951908841446132019-03-10T23:54:00.001+08:002019-03-10T23:54:12.397+08:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;">馬來西亞最大小販市場</span></h2>
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馬來西亞最大的小販市場,就在砂拉越的詩巫.兩層的建築,底樓完全是售賣日常食品,應有盡有.找不到要買的食物,幾乎是不可能的.二樓則是飲食中心,要吃什么都有.當然,普通小食都有.<br />小販中心旁還有一座多層停車場,經常客滿.<br />它就座落在拉浪江旁,會看到詩巫的快艇,就找得到這座小販中心.<br />到詩巫沒有到這里,等於是漏了最重要的景點,有到就如未到.<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;">LARGEST market in Malaysia</span> </h3>
the largest hawker centre in the whole of Malaysia. it is located at the bank of Rajang river, in sibu, sarawak.<br />the
two storeys building, ground floor mainly for selling of vegetables and
other foods. upper floor is a place for cooked food and drinks.<br />a multi-storey car park adjacence to the centre, convenient for customers.<br />make sure you visit this place while there, or else you miss the most significant place in sibu.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCIXq8Lbju0FWJKR_Cft4X831xPVl4Y9MJm0VcWnm0Fbk1vk8EjGWNwtqsuYtxZ4rZKLQohISGCZuxaBHR968SIQt9ANgqf2MWm0e6GTR4JyAF-qFo8Vx0yaprhThy26AI5-m5eyq_vheS/s1600/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers1--.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1000" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCIXq8Lbju0FWJKR_Cft4X831xPVl4Y9MJm0VcWnm0Fbk1vk8EjGWNwtqsuYtxZ4rZKLQohISGCZuxaBHR968SIQt9ANgqf2MWm0e6GTR4JyAF-qFo8Vx0yaprhThy26AI5-m5eyq_vheS/s640/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers1--.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
市場中心有壁畫,而且各個角落都有,非常獨特. wall paintings every where in the market.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ-xNfN945aI5O2G2_mvcElkUYtqju3SNSedftQgXkUGQ3ezywlRJrAugl2HlP0fBGWzgvGn0xfdjTuAtyi8B0s_wZzrTzm8GhY1fICj-vG4GrM3PJwX99yFGQzzo904R2cxbrthszQA0-/s1600/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers2--.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1000" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQ-xNfN945aI5O2G2_mvcElkUYtqju3SNSedftQgXkUGQ3ezywlRJrAugl2HlP0fBGWzgvGn0xfdjTuAtyi8B0s_wZzrTzm8GhY1fICj-vG4GrM3PJwX99yFGQzzo904R2cxbrthszQA0-/s640/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers2--.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
2019年準備修建,搬動小販也是勞師動眾的大工程. preparation for the renovation work, moving the hawkers to a temporary site is a headache.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2UjikB1oPYZg7UNGY-atB6L07fQiGlreNq0pwCtUFd_wWb42dgQXr8sYlIcubKoY6rVF29ZuYPEEvCziPQGHylVWxOWVYt4z9tCdOeutc4MMw5Zp2cW0Yd3G2KlsFtDiNDNQUFtju8GqI/s1600/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers3--.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1000" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2UjikB1oPYZg7UNGY-atB6L07fQiGlreNq0pwCtUFd_wWb42dgQXr8sYlIcubKoY6rVF29ZuYPEEvCziPQGHylVWxOWVYt4z9tCdOeutc4MMw5Zp2cW0Yd3G2KlsFtDiNDNQUFtju8GqI/s640/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers3--.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
許永津兩兄妹,推廣詩巫新聞閱讀風氣,功不可沒.數十年如一日,銷售本國出版的報紙. Hii and his sister, selling newspapers for almost a century, can you imagine that ?<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKYRl6Qi5Elcnn4KbSTHlBqTpCN5KwndZWeKtx3EAGl5GEh7O9hU-ifuZwFHvMvOyeLkl6jZhDj56Y9LZhXgrx59v9c66L-ld3Vb0fwiul2U5bs_QWYavZRmJ5bTqTwthX7gvjb9liH5WR/s1600/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers4--.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1000" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjKYRl6Qi5Elcnn4KbSTHlBqTpCN5KwndZWeKtx3EAGl5GEh7O9hU-ifuZwFHvMvOyeLkl6jZhDj56Y9LZhXgrx59v9c66L-ld3Vb0fwiul2U5bs_QWYavZRmJ5bTqTwthX7gvjb9liH5WR/s640/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers4--.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
傳統老行業,修補各類布袋,外套. repairing for bags and clothings.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAwX9qLdli5MSby_DlIn8hrhd6eUNKmbf5HL8laHnFwPTk2InXHbovnjOIxwIMkYIe-d9nq0-hHPGPlYmppByu9HXnzBE00GA2xXRoJPMne2yDGGpyQnARV5-Ef5ty3ZAVhYDlYik4Ory/s1600/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers5--.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="1000" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheAwX9qLdli5MSby_DlIn8hrhd6eUNKmbf5HL8laHnFwPTk2InXHbovnjOIxwIMkYIe-d9nq0-hHPGPlYmppByu9HXnzBE00GA2xXRoJPMne2yDGGpyQnARV5-Ef5ty3ZAVhYDlYik4Ory/s640/Sibu+Central+Market+hawkers5--.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
天鵝專業攝影公司號東許志壽,順應市場的改變,同時提供手機充值服務. Tango photo Studio's owner Bowison Hii, facing the challenge of the market, servicing the cellphone users.<br />
Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-37666140334287096472019-03-09T23:17:00.005+08:002019-03-09T23:17:45.947+08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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農人正在煮亞答糖.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4la6F5GS2Qf4Y7KAhyphenhyphenkjH4tCaxwAeG-DIffFaPd2iZhMUYPvvuHUpUFVS_irr05qrQZ3nzclb3WnA8he6iu3t1N0xHaHig8tAASZXmvnMboIK3-Pov7DSxQOLN7mkWKMYSXI3Ee74j8GO/s1600/Gula+apong+making+watermarked2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="500" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg4la6F5GS2Qf4Y7KAhyphenhyphenkjH4tCaxwAeG-DIffFaPd2iZhMUYPvvuHUpUFVS_irr05qrQZ3nzclb3WnA8he6iu3t1N0xHaHig8tAASZXmvnMboIK3-Pov7DSxQOLN7mkWKMYSXI3Ee74j8GO/s400/Gula+apong+making+watermarked2.jpg" width="317" /></a></div>
濃郁的亞答糖,通常這樣一罐是Rm5或一美元左右.<br />
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這些圓圓的是巨大竹筒,用來盛亞答汁.<br />
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將竹筒置於切斷的亞答花莖下,讓汁慢慢的流入.通常需要一整個夜晚.<br />
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;">Pusa浮剎 亞答糖的"故鄉"</span></h2>
浮剎,一個處在沙里巴斯(Batang Saribas)河岸邊的小甘榜.<br />這個以馬來人為主的小鎮,是砂拉越最著名的"亞答糖"(gula apong)盛產地.<br />"亞答糖"(gula apong),是由一種亞答樹(Nipah palm)的花莖上流出的汁,收集而來.這種亞答汁,要經過一整個夜晚慢慢流下收集而成.<br />過去,人們很少會去喝這種亞答汁,恐怕不清潔,而且不能久留,很快變酸、變壞.不過,現在收集這種亞答汁人家,開始以冰箱來儲存這種天然水份,反而成為了一個很可口的樹汁,雖然甜味有點濃厚.<br />亞答汁收集足夠了,居民會將它放入大鍋里慢煮多個鐘頭,直到它由稀釋變為一點濃縮,才裝入容器存放.<br />亞答糖的原料,就是亞答花莖的汁.收集須時間,煮濃須時間.然而,它卻是一等一的絕美添加劑,滲入飲料或製作的食品,口感一流,必屬佳品.<br />由於沿著沙里巴斯河(Batang Saribas)兩岸,長滿了亞答樹,亞答汁供應不成問題,因此,直到今天,仍然有約30戶人家,將部份時間投入在製作亞答糖的工作上.<br />亞答樹,又稱「棕櫚樹」,是棕櫚科的一種,由於原英文名是Nipah palm,習慣上,也就稱為「泥芭樹」.而亞答樹,就是生長在泥芭地,以葉子為主幹的植物.稱為「泥芭樹」,或許更為貼切.<br />亞答樹除了樹葉在過去時日中,對人們建造房屋時,提供了方便的遮陽遮雨,和牆壁的做用.<br />
<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-43736270446107716172019-03-08T20:34:00.000+08:002019-03-08T20:34:08.287+08:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: purple;">緬懷一位朋友---劉會達牧師</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm_6Ohpljk7CJdwZFvoRbtkYVWUlkl5cRxkeG5NzGZKcSFmsNfwH7Mkic5nGmBiQ9vfL8hpSduBaWn5VCLXZ-jSKXKP32LeLuKEUN0MCpTt-YohX_atu3Mhdr5xfxzKyOKy9BgL5Nd400A/s1600/Alopen+Liu-1.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1500" data-original-width="1000" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjm_6Ohpljk7CJdwZFvoRbtkYVWUlkl5cRxkeG5NzGZKcSFmsNfwH7Mkic5nGmBiQ9vfL8hpSduBaWn5VCLXZ-jSKXKP32LeLuKEUN0MCpTt-YohX_atu3Mhdr5xfxzKyOKy9BgL5Nd400A/s640/Alopen+Liu-1.JPG" width="425" /> </a></div>
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<b>Rev. Alopen Liu Hui Tak (18/02/1954--19/01/2017)</b><br /><b>劉會達牧師(生于1954年2月18日,歸主懷抱于2017年1月19日)</b><br /><br />劉會達牧師是我小學同學,我們都叫他"阿達",那是他的最後一個名字.<br />在詩巫愛蓮街衛理小學六年級後,他升上公教中學.我們分道揚鑣,我上衛理中學.<br />由於他華文書寫得體,從小就負起文字的工作,在福源堂少年團契開始,便協助紀錄和書寫服事.少團出版團訊,當年都是手寫,我們都有份參與.<br />由於他的熱衷文字工作,我因此知道了甚麼是"壁報".因為當年据所知,公教中學有在告示版上貼上許多學生創作,報告,通告之類的文字.阿達也是其中一位努力協助這項張貼"壁報"的工作.<br />當年黃巧月牧師是福源堂少團顧問,我們都叫她"月姐",跟著牧師妹妹這樣稱呼她.<br />少團是在星期天下午,兩點開始聚會,阿達由於參加少年軍(Boy's Brigade),因此經常遲到.做為少團職員,自然受到月姐和大家的責備.不久後,他對我說,不參加少年軍了,當然就是因為時間上的衝突.<br />今日想起,多少少年人因為透過少年軍而接觸基督教,他在這方面的參與,絕對是正確的.<br />小時候,阿達由於祖父是牧師,他很早便接觸基督教.我會參加少年團契,就是因為他經常踏著他的"老爺"腳車,距離市中心不遠的梅園路(中華路旁)老遠聽到"基格,基格"的踏腳車聲,知道是他來了,要躲都都不知躲到那里,最後只好硬著頭皮,跟著他去做少年團契了.<br />那段少團的日子,當然是童年的最美好回憶.記得我們與青年團契契友,包括主席夏長華,紀碧珍顧問等,星期六傍晚,一起踏著腳車到劉欽侯醫院分派福音單張.<br />少年之後,完成九號,他也結束高中課程,鼓勵我去讀神學.我又"傻傻的"聽他的話,決志讀神學.當然,由於我們都很"熱心"在少團的事奉,讀神學的決定自然不是一時的衝動.不過,在求學的路上,我們還是各走各路,他選擇了去香港建道神學院,我則去新加坡三一神學院.<br />順利拿到神學學士文憑, 同樣也戴了帽子,回來砂拉越,我只服事了一年半後便"開蹓",他則忠心耿耿的直到退休.幸好我也沒有辜負他的開導,他退休時為他拍了相片.<br />提起拍照,由於他出生在商人的家庭背景,老爸是開店的--華英印務公司,因此經濟自然比我們好,他從小接觸到拍照,也有機會拍照,我只有看的份兒.<br />他曾在詩巫衛理神學院,現在幸好仍未被拆除的男生宿舍角落底層的衛理聯合影音室工作過一段短時間,學會剪接電影菲林,也教了我上了寶貴的一課.而且他也有機會在那里學洗相片,也放大了一些相片給我看.他會拍照,洗相片時,我仍然只是由他那兒獲取一些相關知識.<br />他在民丹莪服事時,曾以電單車"隆幫"我,由碼頭坐摩多船到巴拉當,再載我走樹林中的羊腸小徑,在樹根上面跳躍著,經過丹章見天鐵橋,前往民丹莪鄉區他的教堂.<br />有一回,不知怎樣情況,發生了交通意外,被車撞倒,大腿骨折,在劉欽侯醫院呆了好幾個月.我有幾回帶著最佳禮物,我服務的"馬來西亞日報",將報紙帶給他看.<br />由於不服事教會,轉而服事社會,加入報社服務,也學會了拍照,後來阿達結婚時,沒有記錯的話,因為做了"無冕皇帝",拍照不成問題,他自然要我也幫忙拍了一些照片.<br />阿達的家是在市中心,過去稱為"哥斯威"(Causeway),今日三洋大廈前面的這條路,他們住在自己的三層樓商店最頂樓.這間商店至今沒有出售,就是在詩巫潮州公會隔鄰.<br />當年對面的青年體育部,我們稱SBC,應該是Sibu
Boys
Centre,或是甚麼的,是一座政府設施,有一座露天籃球場,一年到晚,都會在那兒舉行各式各樣的活動,如籃球賽,歌唱比賽,選美會,或其他集會.經常可以見到阿達他們子孩子,一堆集在三樓屋頂外,居高臨下,觀賞底下的活動.偶而由他們家背後的救生梯爬上屋頂,戰戰兢兢的走在屋瓦上,在屋頂邊緣觀賞底下活動,也算是一種冒險.當然,屋頂邊緣還有一層的低圍攔,還算有點安全感.<br />最近幾年,又與阿達一起,與年會歷史文獻部部長,一起在教會歷史工作上共同努力.<br />在返回天家前兩週,約了我到他府上,談起他要出版的一本365天靈條小冊,希望我協助編輯工作.他早已完成了手寫的工作,只待打字,便可進行編輯和付印.如今,這項未竟工作,成了我對他最後的回憶.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj4QQxOCYPPXEprjhaIlWdG7mtQF6QfYbJ69Oe0T8U6i-dfBSrUAwtKILfCKUjmF4DHtIX2kBlBJjyJJKcga9OZgOw89oNG5tZLKdvVL9Vt57lyPZpbaA2_RyzQ5Q-zTCtUGZZOOfiaWs1/s1600/Alopen+Liu-2.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="668" data-original-width="1000" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjj4QQxOCYPPXEprjhaIlWdG7mtQF6QfYbJ69Oe0T8U6i-dfBSrUAwtKILfCKUjmF4DHtIX2kBlBJjyJJKcga9OZgOw89oNG5tZLKdvVL9Vt57lyPZpbaA2_RyzQ5Q-zTCtUGZZOOfiaWs1/s640/Alopen+Liu-2.JPG" width="640" /></a></div>
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<b>he loves photography, long before I even knew how to take a picture.</b></div>
<h3>
<span style="color: purple;"> thinking of a friend</span></h3>
Alopen Liu has been my classmate at Methodist Primary School, Sibu.<br />He
was my mentor in many ways, leading me joining the Methodist Youth
Junior Fellowship, taught me how to do movie film editing, show me how
to develop and print photos with films. encouraged me to study in
Theological School, to be trained as Pastor. <br />Although I did get my
degree in Theology, but I only work as a pastor for one and half years,
while he remain as Pastor and Reverend until his retirement.<br />nevertheless,
after I joined Malaysia Daily News as reporter, I learnt to take
photographs, and was his photographer when he got married. and took his
retirement photos two years back.<br />my last assignment for him, will be his funeral service.<br />He
intended to publish a booklet on daily devotion, with short message
each day. I am being entrusted to be his editor, but before his last
mission materalized, he is gone back to God, leaving me to fulfill his
last wish.<br />
Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-28832907888683415392019-03-08T20:20:00.003+08:002019-03-08T20:20:42.904+08:00<h3 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: orange;">牧會、宣教40餘年</span></h3>
<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: blue;">黃巧月牧師一生服務砂拉越衛理教會</span></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGWHwuF-S1BOINT6fwPofaIo3mnCLBJCJeDFBFneiKBBKeCMRzkTucd8znyBEj7DKgj_35ss1Hu7cmWs6aBNRU_ywpXWEPLMGcDxncNg_zwlwgpydBJVcl_acwkGqfiAzh0HmcO8-JDCnK/s1600/%25E9%25BB%2583%25E5%25B7%25A7%25E6%259C%2588.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="947" data-original-width="700" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGWHwuF-S1BOINT6fwPofaIo3mnCLBJCJeDFBFneiKBBKeCMRzkTucd8znyBEj7DKgj_35ss1Hu7cmWs6aBNRU_ywpXWEPLMGcDxncNg_zwlwgpydBJVcl_acwkGqfiAzh0HmcO8-JDCnK/s400/%25E9%25BB%2583%25E5%25B7%25A7%25E6%259C%2588.jpg" width="295" /></a></div>
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<b>黃巧月葬禮: 黃巧月牧師出殯禮拜,在詩巫新福源堂舉行.</b></div>
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<b> 2019年2月25日,在詩巫布律克路新福源堂,舉行追思禮拜.</b></div>
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1966年由詩巫衛理神學院畢業,並開始在福源堂牧會,直至2001年退体.接著2004年又在萬民堂牧養一年.2005年更自發前往峇貢水壩區的工地宣教,前往5年.<br />黃巧月牧師1961年,回應主的呼召,接受神學教育後,便一生為教會付出,勇往直前,沒有回頭.<br />她於1936年8月17日,在詩巫拉讓江下游左岸的南村(利華)出生.<br />她的父親黃梨旺,母親林翠雲,皆從中國閩清南來.父親先到詩巫.<br />母親1934年在泗里街,盧勃港泗盧中學一位教師,她的堂兄林溫雅幫助下,申請去到盧勃港.在那里,她與當地的牧師,教師,會友同住了一段日子,才來到詩巫與夫婿會合.<br />1936年,黃梨旺夫婦的大女兒出生.其堂兄以出生日為七月初一,七月是牛郎織女相會的日子,便協助取名為"巧月".<br />黃巧月牧師於1947年,她11歲時才開始上課.1950年,14歲小學畢業.1956年,由衛理中學高中畢業.接著的4年里(1957-60),她返回母校中正中小學執教.<br />在奉獻服務教會後,她於1970年至72年,前往新加坡三一神學院繼續神學課程.<br />返回崗位後,她先後在衛理女生宿舍任管理人兼基督教育部,為期4年.<br />1977-86年,在福源堂和新福源堂牧養.<br />1987-89年,在泗里街盧勃港辟恩堂牧養,同時擔任泗里街教區長.這里即是當年,她母親初來南洋時寄居之地.<br />1990-91年,她牧養泗里街新懷仁堂.<br />1992年再前往三一神學院進修,獲取教牧碩士學位.<br />接著下來的9年里,由1993-1998年,她在沙巴山打根思恩堂(1993-96),及斗湖聖恩堂(1997-98)牧會.<br />1999年返回詩巫,在拉讓花園錫安堂牧養服事,直至2001年退休.<br />2004年,她受派在詩巫沙廉萬民堂牧養一年.然後便是個人展開在峇貢水壩工程地區內的宣教服務5年之久.<br />在這些年的事奉中,她牧養了泗里街教區2間堂會,沙巴2間堂會,詩巫4間堂會,以及本地的宣教工作.<br />退休牧師張超英憶述時說,黃巧月牧師的一生,雖然單身牧養教會不易,但我們卻從她身上看到主賦予的力量,使她如保羅所言:那美好的仗我已經打過了,當跑的路已經跑盡了.該信的道已經守住了".<br />張超英牧師說,從黃巧用牧師身上,她在屬靈操練上,給予信徒三方面的榜樣:<br />一.一生勤讀聖經,背誦經節.她個人喜愛的經文共有21處.<br />二.固定星期五不吃早餐,禁食禱告.退休時曾停止禁食,但聽到主對她說,難道這一點點的苦也不能做到嗎? 因此,她恢復禁食禱告和更力努力學習這個功課.<br />三.她一生勤儉業素,但助人卻不吝嗇.她曾將停蓄的5萬令吉,奉獻做為神學基金,以紀念父母愛教會的心意.<br />黃巧月牧師遺下胞弟黃贊忠,三位胞妹黃巧容,黃巧珍,黃巧光.弟媳翁賽蓮,侄兒黃惟,黃新引,黃傑<br />黃晶明等家人,都思心照顧和陪伴著她的晚年生活.<br />黃巧月牧師於2019年2月22日,下午4時48分安息主懷,終年83歲.<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-21835147459810851282018-01-14T23:23:00.003+08:002018-01-14T23:23:53.172+08:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: orange;">瓜拉老越的華人</span></h2>
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<span style="color: orange;"><span style="color: black;">the Chinese businessman at Kuala Lawas</span> </span></h2>
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<b>「金順發」的門面.</b><br />
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<b>施甘松之子,凱鵬與母親肖含笑,在店里.</b><br />
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<b>吊在空中的錢罐,是這間木板店的其中一個特色.</b><br />
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<b>「南益棧」與「南益公司」的招牌,並排而設.</b><br />
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<b>河岸邊的「南益棧」與「南益公司」,見證了老越的成長歲月.</b><br />
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<b>老越河岸邊的華人商戶,一間一間以木板道在河岸邊連接起來.</b><br />
<br />瓜拉老越(Kuala Lawas),處在砂拉越的東部,老越的海口區.<br />這里,與砂拉越許多其他地區和鄉鎮一樣,都有華人、華商的蹤跡.<br />來到海岸進口的河岸邊,看著馬來甘榜和回教堂,耳際聽到Ai-fm電台的廣播聲,還以為是鄰近學校的華人老師,或診療所的華人醫務人員在聽華文廣播.<br />想不到,行走在河岸邊的木板走道上,看到一排的木屋,原來是華人的商店.在這里,至今還留存有早年來到這里謀生的華人商戶,兩家繼續留守這里,並且提供日常的營業.<br />Ai-fm的華文廣播,是由他們這里揚聲而出.<br />「金順發」(電話085-282142),早年由中國福建,安溪龍門,朴都村的施甘松所經營.其妻子肖含笑(2018年)已是93高齡.<br />年邁失聰的肖含笑,1948年,20歲時由中華來到老越,就此長居下來.<br />施甘松有兩名孩子,金德,金交,以及女兒美治.<br />金交的孩子凱鵬,女兒淑榕,淑君都是在這里生長.<br />「南益棧」、「南益公司」(電話085-282141)則是另一間仍在開業的華人商戶.<br />這間公司,當年是由中國福建安溪而來的廖文藍所開設.目前其女兒月治,以及兒子慶順繼續留守這里.<br />匆匆的行程,來到瓜拉老越,沒有多少時間停留,只好記下電話號碼,以便改天在聯繫.<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-26771929191053995782018-01-14T19:51:00.003+08:002018-01-16T22:11:48.400+08:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: red;">詩巫育德區「五福園」典故</span></h2>
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A simple tale of "Five Hope" house at Bukit Assek in Sibu</h2>
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<b>1950年代,育德區的「甲哥厝」(右邊)(今天之武吉阿拾路),潮水高漲情況.</b><br />
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<b>育德區於1950年代開始出現變化.右為天主教堂的校舍,左為「五福園」.木板道已被泥路所取代.「育德區」路牌橫掛在路中央.</b><br />
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<b>取自「砂拉越中區鄉土誌」一書中刊載的「育德區」繪圖.</b><br />
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<b>許玉蓮(右),與許月嬌皆是「五福園」初建成時的屋主及居民.</b><br />
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<b>「五福園」的屋子結構和屋主擁有的房間繪圖.</b><br />
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早期的詩巫,民宅集中在市集中心周圍.做為最早發展的其中一個民居地區,武吉阿拾(Bukit Assek),算是歷史較久遠的一區.<br />
武吉阿拾(也叫木杰亞拾),也被地區居民稱為「育德區」.<br />
這「育德區」名稱的由來,是與育德小學有關呢,還是其他別名,實難考查.不過,一般認為,在正常情況下,由於有了一間育德小學的存在,地區以學校做為識別稱呼,也是很正常的.<br />
早年武吉阿拾路還有大招牌時期,確實是以「育德區」來稱呼的.它是當年的名稱,武吉阿拾路是後期才出現的.<br />
「育德區」,與其是做為路的名稱,不如說是一個地區.也算是詩巫沿拉讓江主要大路--南蘭律的開端所在地點.<br />
南蘭律(路)由「育德區」開始,接連到甘榜艾蒲律(路),會經過東山路,福州街,中華路,梅園路,華僑路等.<br />
「育德區」,据年長一輩居民稱,開始時只是一條木板道,路頭作得比較像樣,越伸入深地,就越簡單,只是一片或兩片木板做行人道而已.當然,這是未開發初期,人們在樹膠園區內居住的面貌.<br />
這條路,除了1926年建立的育德小學較著名,另一棟建築物,也是頗具聲名的,人稱「甲哥厝」(意即碼頭搬運工友的居所).<br />
另一間由五戶人家共同建造的大屋,稱為「五福園」,則是較後期,約於1941年建成.當時正是日本入侵本區之初.<br />
<h4>
<b>貨運「甲哥」工人</b></h4>
詩巫處在拉讓江上游內陸地區,多年主要靠水路與外地連繫.水上交通繁忙和發達,貨運全靠工友人力搬運.「甲哥」的名稱即由此而生.<br />
由於收入微薄,而且當年中國移民初來謀生,多是單身,並在工作的周圍地點,租住簡陋、低租金樓舍,做為暫時棲身之所.<br />
這類多人居住或租住的民宅或民“厝”,處在鄉村的劉家洙大樓,可以理解為是其中的一個較為著名地點. <br />
建造大屋,除了本身和家人居住,亦提供初到移民暫居之所.同時,劉家洙屋外,還提供有零售小店,都可以稱得上是一個很方便,提供外來者的臨時投宿地點.<br />
育德區的「甲哥厝」,以及「五福園」等,雖然不是非常巨大的屋子,卻也提供了租住、棲身的方便.<br />
就比如,「甲哥厝」在詩巫老一輩口中, 一提到名稱,就知道是指甚麼,或處在甚麼地點.雖然可能並不純粹提供出租,亦與其他大型住宅一樣,除了屋主自己和家人居住,也出租給別人.<br />
提到「甲哥」,究竟所指為何?是怎麼來的,或由那一籍貫華人的方言而來?<br />
由於普遍上,人們都理解,「甲哥」指的是碼頭搬運工人,因此,它與英文CARGO,又是否有關連? 因為CARGO正是貨運之意.從事這一行業的,由於主要是男性勞力搬運工人,很自然被稱為「甲哥」.<br />
那麼,問題來了,當年最多人從事「甲哥」這一行業的,記憶所及,是以興化人為主力的一群.他們穿著藍色粗布短褲,帶著一條紅色粗布巾,就這樣幹活去了.是否人們問起,他們自稱是做CARGO的,因此而得名?<br />
「甲哥」與CARGO扯在一起,是人云亦云,雖然有一點道理,卻無從考查.<br />
這就是「甲哥厝」讓人津津樂道之處.<br />
那麼,「五福園」又從何而來?<br />
<h4>
王政賢老師老家</h4>
現居澳洲的王政賢老師說:<br />
「甲哥厝」是我的老家,我從出生,唸幼稚園,小學,中學六年,至到越洋渡金回國。才離開窩居24年的溫馨老家。<br />鄉親們都叫它「甲哥厝」。<br />早期住客全是碼頭工友,我們一家例外。<br />在這四方樓里,上下層共有24間房。至少也有百余人。<br />五福園在我老家前面,約有一箭之地。育德區路前段....1960?被夷為平地,建起磚屋。<br />
<h4>
五家合建大屋</h4>
現年(2018年)90歲的許玉蓮回憶稱,她是13歲時,住進這棟剛建造完成的雙層、高腳大木屋.那是1941年.<br />
她的父親許如賢,與其他4戶人家,共同建造了這間屋子,並稱之為「五福園」--意即五個家庭建立的幸福家園.<br />
她只依稀記得,住進「五福園」時,曾在育德小學唸了一年的書.當時,「甲哥厝」已經存在了.<br />
她們一家只住在這里不過一年多的時間,於1943年便遷居下游鄉區王士來.<br />
五福園另一戶人家,是許春發.<br />
許春發長女,許月嬌(87歲)說,她們一家搬進五福園時,她已是10歲.她們是在住宅尚未完成以前,便已在臨時宿舍居住.<br />
据她們憶述,這「五福園」的五戶居民,每戶擁有四個房間,一間廚房,以及戶外共用的廁所三間.<br />
它是一座高腳、雙層木屋,由外木梯上到正門的共用大客廳.客廳左右兩側,中間,均有房間,由居民自行抽籤,決定各自所擁有的兩間.<br />
樓上的房問擁有者,與底樓一樣,底下一間房屬誰,直接上面一間房也屬同一戶.<br />
底樓十個房問,二樓也有十個房間.<br />
底樓後半部,尚有五個廚房,每戶各佔用一間.通往廚所之前,有一個大家共用天井,可以做為曬衣物的地點.<br />
廚房背後,則是通向外面的三間公厠.<br />
那麼,「五福園」的五個幸福家園主人又是誰呢?<br />
除了許如賢,許春發,另三家是劉乃朋,其初(不知姓甚麼),以及林家(孫子名國華).<br />
五個家庭,除了許如賢只短暫住了一年多.許春發在未建成「五福園」之時,已住在臨時工人房之外,其他各戶個別在這里居住多久,則無從考查.<br />
許春發大約在「五福園」住了三年左右,便由於二戰接近尾聲,聯軍轟炸市區,到處炮聲隆隆,他們一家便遷移至遠離市中心的地點,在沙廉地區購地居住.<br />
由於許春發是從事建築業散工,孩子漸長,為長遠計,外遷購買膠園,也可協月助增加收入,讓孩子也可以割膠過日子.但可惜由於戰爭,造成樹膠無價,也影響到他們的收入.<br />
「五福園」除了自住,也同樣做為出租用途,以增加屋主收入.當年也有許多居民在這間屋子進進出出,十足另一間供人們暫居落足之地點.<br />
<h4>
<b> (2018年1月14日發表)</b></h4>
Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-80731358140630507962017-12-26T22:43:00.003+08:002017-12-26T22:48:15.207+08:00<h2 style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: x-large;"><b>林萬風牙醫診所</b></span></span><span style="color: red;"><b><span style="color: orange;"><span style="font-size: x-large;">服務詩巫民眾37年</span></span> </b></span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>Ling Wang Hong Dental Surgery</b></span></h2>
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<span style="color: blue;"><b>serving Sibu general public for 37 years</b></span></h2>
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林萬風牙醫.<br />
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林萬風牙醫,與夫人,同樣是牙醫的林希誠女士,在診所合影.左是衛理報總編輯黃孟禮.<br />
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<b> </b>林萬風牙醫與退休記者兼文史工作者林禮長.<br />
<br />座落詩巫機工街Workshop Road 13號的這間牙科診所,於1981年正月,由林萬風創辦.起初是他個人駐診,後期其夫人,林希誠牙醫與他一起共同服務詩巫民眾口腔和牙齒衛生服務.<br />
1945年在泗里街,泗美坡出生的林萬風,是在當地泗美小學和華僑中學完成中小學業.<br />
夫人林希誠則是1948年詩巫出生.他們是台大醫科的同班同學.<br />
林萬風赴台灣升學,1974年在台北台灣國立大學醫科,牙醫專科畢業.1975年在吉蘭丹中央醫院服務一年半.1976年下半年,在古晉中央醫院服務.1977--1980年,在詩巫劉欽侯醫院服務.<br />
1981年開始,設立本身的牙科診所.他在機工街地址服務長達37年,2017年12月31日,正式結束服務生涯.<br />
林萬風從事牙齒保健服務,前後長達42年.<br />
退休後,林萬風牙醫,和夫人林希誠牙醫,將繼續在詩巫生活.<br />
<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-56637616262640182092016-11-07T15:35:00.000+08:002016-11-07T15:43:46.292+08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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famous Malaysian Chinese author, Yiu Hong. 著名馬華作家姚拓.馬來文學季刊「蕉風之父」.<br />
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<h3>
著名文學季刊「蕉風之父」</h3>
<h2>
<span style="color: blue;">姚拓創辦「集珍庄」画廊</span></h2>
「集珍庄」画廊(ART HOUSE GALLERY), 是原名姚天平,又名姚匡,另署姚拓、张兆、鲁庄、鲁文等,是马华著名作家、编辑以及出版人,于1965年成立的! <br />
画廊是马来西亚历史最悠久的私人画廊,也是第一家经营中国字画的画廊! <br />
当初姚拓只经营中国书画…到了1988年,其子入行后,慢慢扩充营业范围,开始经营起油画,水彩及古董.其子个人有收藏爱好–特别是本地的原住民艺术….当初一股脑的买进,只因为喜欢,并没怎么考虑市场销路问题. <br />
的确, 原始艺术在本地实在属于冷门中之冷门,除了少数洋人懂得欣赏外,本地人别说欣赏了,甚至连送给他们恐怕也没几个想要呢! 就这样,其子慢慢累积,一转眼就快二十年了.<br />
收藏品也多到店里摆不下,唯有堆仓库了.但是,就像位天生丽质难自弃的美女心态一样,業主觉得拥有的收藏品若存在仓库里实在很糟蹋.无奈店里要做生意,真的两为其难. <br />
在偶然的情况下,他們打听到在吉隆坡家喻户晓的手工艺品中心<中央艺术坊>的后头ANNEXE BUILDING要重建为多元艺术中心,便把文物馆的理念推销给他们,结果一拍即合,决定把三分一空间摆放我私人收藏,另外空间的展示品则要做买卖的….<br />
文物馆,包括了古董(ANTIQUE),以及文物(ARTEFACT).<br />
古董与文物有时会有重叠性. 但大致上来说,古董是有艺术价值的,文物一般是有历史价值但没有观赏价值的旧物.<br />
大凡艺术品,古董或文物收藏品众多.大则十几尺高的图腾(TOTEM POLE),小则尾指般大小的雕刻.从材质上来分类,以木料为主,其他有骨料,牙料,布料,石料,玻璃料,陶土料,金属料(金,银,铁,铜等),还有其他少数混合料等等,大大小小应该几百件.<br />
从区域来分,主要是东马,即婆罗洲的文物为主,而印尼的苏门答腊文物次之. <br />
经营买卖范围来说就广多了,包括本地及印尼的马来文物,娘惹文物, 泰国,缅甸,中南半岛各国,上至中国云南,广西,贵州,四川,湖南,西藏的少数民族及汉人的民俗民间文物均有涉及,数量以千计.<br />
我们国家的少数民族被忽略,甚至被遗忘. 他们的文化,包括宗教信仰,已经断层.即使是他们的艺术品,包括文物,都没有被正视.<br />
除了砂朥越州首府的古晋博物馆有收藏之外,西马的博物馆的陈列甚至远远比不上「集珍庄」私人收藏.<br />
东马的古董店卖出的东西实在不少,但十之八九都卖到国外去,包括外国的私人及博物馆收藏.这是国家的巨大损失.<br />
<br />
开私人文物馆,目的与意义如下:<br />
1) 收藏与保护本土少数民族文物<br />
2) 开创首家本区域民族文物馆<br />
3) 透过文物艺术的教化,试图拉近东西马人的鸿沟<br />
4) 给后人提供一个研究本地少数民族文化艺术的平台<br />
5) 提倡另类艺术,开阔艺术视野<br />
6) 给吉隆坡增加多一个文化景点<br />
7) 回馈社会,替本地艺术作出贡献<br />
8) 打造名声,名留千古<br />
9) 精神追求, 藉此认识更多志同道合者,抛砖引玉,激起本地人的爱好与收藏<br />
10) 希望有朝一日,真正打造一个像样的民族文物馆.<br />
<br />
「集珍庄」画廊(ART HOUSE GALLERY),創辦人,原名姚天平,又名姚匡,另署姚拓、张兆、鲁庄、鲁文等,是马华著名作家、编辑以及出版人。<br />
1922年11月9日出生於中国河南省巩义市桑林镇的鲁庄。父亲姚锡麟(1861-1939)是位农夫,亦是商人,由於勤俭,晚年拥有一百多亩田地。母亲张玲(1883-1945)另育三男一女,姚拓排行最小。<br />
姚拓五岁进私塾。九岁时进入他三哥与友人合办的"初级小学"读完四年级。然后陆续在另个村镇的高级小学、他二哥开办的学校读书。十二岁时重进私塾跟随李巨卿老师研读古文,扎稳了中文根基,对日后当编辑起了巨大作用。<br />
中日战争正式爆发时,十五岁的姚拓读了半年的县立师范学校。1938年夏天投奔湖南的长沙宪兵团不成功。1939年,姚拓在媒妁牵引下,迎娶乡村少女李玉淑(1918-1986),育有一女花开(1947诞生)。他父亲在冬天时逝世。<br />
1940年农历新年后,到洛阳的西宫军营去投考"入伍生团",被分发到陕西的汉中"中央陆军军官学校第一分校步兵科"接受不到两年的军校教育。<br />
1941年末,军校第17期步科毕业。1942年,随分校主任钟彬军长到昆明的71军87师260团2营6连报到当少尉排长,展开最艰苦的军战生涯,足迹由河南到汉中,由汉中到云南、中缅边境、山东、到东北 。<br />
1944年,姚拓任中尉副连长,参加远征军滇西反攻之役。同年6月23日,姚拓在云南龙陵与日寇争夺战中左脚负伤,被援军送到后方医院疗伤。一个多月年后升为连长。<br />
1945年8月14日,日本宣布无条件投降时,姚拓随军驻扎在云南西南部的保山,职务是上尉连长,保卫保山机场。8月底,他联络上家乡。9月底辞职后获知母亲逝世。投家奔丧后,由於家境窘促,国共内战,姚拓投靠河北的表哥。两个月后在山东某司令部暂任参谋职。<br />
1948年春天,他从河南开封,被张遐昌调到辽宁渖阳,担任东北战区司令部警卫团的少校团附。11月2日,共军占领了渖阳。姚拓与友人缴械后,被解放到辽西,接受「解放教育」。1949年6月返回家乡,决定放弃军人生活。<br />
这段近十年的军人生涯,在他日后的创作中,扮演著吃重的角色,是他一生中最值得怀念的岁月。少年及早期青年军旅生活占去了他人生最重要的成长时期,之后也成为他笔下最常见的背景、内容、思考启发点与记忆。<br />
返家不足两个月,他姐姐与姐夫卖掉仅有的两捆棉纱当火车票钱,让他投奔南京三哥的香烟厂推销业务。<br />
1950年香烟厂倒闭,与师友抵达香港,最后在荃湾找些零活铁工糊口。<br />
1952年某日夜晚,他独自在小山上发觉每根花草的一生,都是一部奋斗史;人也要认真、充实地活下去。于是,他将姚天平的名字改成姚拓,意谓著重新开拓人生,过去的就让它死去。<br />
1953年二月,阎起白先生邀请姚拓担任《中国学生周报》的校对员。这是他生命中最重要的第二个转捩点,而这个转捩点深深的影响了马华文坛。<br />
经过两个月努力工作与学习后,社长余德宽先生提升姚拓为编辑。<br />
四个月后,姚拓成为了《中国学生周报》总编辑,与赵聪先生等编辑在周报上付出全副精神。当时,他初识了编辑部的大专生,甘美华小姐。<br />
1954年,署名张兆的姚拓在友联出版了《历史故事三集》与《历史故事四集》。<br />
1955年他与甘小姐经过自由恋爱后在周报大厅完婚。<br />
同年3月,他与杰克、徐速、古梅、薛洛、岳骞、燕归来、左舜生、易君左、徐东滨、胡菊人和司马长风等廿多位作家学者,成立香港中国笔会。<br />
1956年姚拓调职担任《大学生活》社长兼主编,读者是香港各大专院校的学生。在香港这段期间,他也开始参与对香港和星马华文教育有很深远影响的《友联活叶文选》的编辑工作。同年,甘美华女士生了姚蕗。<br />
1957年2月,姚拓携带妻女南来新加坡担任《学生周报》主编,同时也参与《蕉风》 编辑工作。第一个儿子守稼在新加坡出生。<br />
1959年,马来亚印务公司在吉隆坡成立,《学生周报》与《蕉风》也一起迁移吉隆坡。同年第二个儿子守穰诞生了。<br />
1961年,姚拓与青年作家黄崖、马汉与慧适注册了新绿出版社,后来参与的成员包括梁园、陈孟、集文及端木虹等人,一共出版了七本"新绿丛书"。<br />
1963年担任马来西亚友联出版社总编辑,《学生周报》社长及《蕉风》编辑委员会等职。<br />
1965年姚拓创立了经常云集文人、书法家、画家的集珍庄画廊。<br />
1970年,姚拓担任马来西亚文化事业有限公司总编辑。1975年,姚拓由编辑文学转至编辑教科书。他负责写作,编纂的中小学教科书,其中包括马来西亚中学《华文》课本(预备班至中五;1960-1986年) 、新加坡小学《华语》课本(一至六年级;1970-1980年) 、马来西亚国民型华文小学3M制《华语》、《数学》、《道德教育》、《人文与环境》(一至六年级;1980-1996年出版;现在仍然使用)、马来西亚师训学院《文学读本》四册(1985-1987年出版;现在仍然使用)、马来西亚玛拉学院《华语》读本(1985年出版;现在仍然使用)、马来西亚国民型小学《华语》读本(三至六年级;1983年出版) 、《友联活叶文选》640篇(1953-1970年编注;现在仍然使用),对海外华教贡献良多。<br />
1975年,友联黎永振先生与姚拓三十位老友,创办了现今已有十多间连锁店的大人餐厅(注10) 。1977年5月15日,友联旗下公司出版了《少年乐园》,姚拓担任社长至八十年代停刊为止。<br />
1982年,为了凝聚更大的力量,姚拓担任总编辑的马来亚出版社与泛马出版社、教育供应社、大马出版供应社及文化供应社五个出版商组成马联出版社,推举姚拓当总编辑,编辑出版的书籍俱由友联属下的马来亚印刷公司承印。1982年杪,姚拓参与雪兰莪中华大会堂主办的"马来西亚华文文学史料展览"工作委员会。<br />
1986年,刘绍铭在德国举办国际研讨会时邀请姚拓主编《世界中文小说选》的马来西亚区短篇小说(五万字),此书籍由台北时报文化出版。当时马来西亚区除了姚拓本人,尚有李锦宗、梅淑贞协助选稿。<br />
除此之外,姚拓与友人创办了「马来西亚书艺研究会」,1990年曾任会务顾问,亦参加过国际书法展。<br />
1967年以来,姚拓也出任吉隆坡剧艺研究会顾问,期间担任过《汉丽宝》,马来西亚第一部歌剧的监制人、戏剧主任以及召集人之一。<br />
<h2>
<b>Art House Gallery</b></h2>
Art House Gallery, at the Central Market art gallery, Kuala Lumpur, was founded by Mr. Yiu Hong, a well known Malaysian Chinese author, in 1970, making it the oldest existing private gallery in Malaysia. <br />
His son stepped in in 1987. From one gallery back then, we have expanded into 3 separate galleries now, each specializing in different theme.<br />
Their present location started operating in 1979, from initially 2 lots. they once broadened to 7 lots at our peak, but the ‘tomyam effect’ from the Asian financial crisis took its toll. Many galleries closed down, and they had to consolidate. <br />
they were the first to bring in Chinese oil paintings in 1991, and the first to do Chinese watercolour in 1999. <br />
The Art House Gallery Museum of Ethnic Arts is also the first privately owned mini-museum dedicated to our native art, and was opened on 2009, making another first in Malaysia, or even the entire South-east Asia!<br />
They plan to showcase our native culture to not only West Malaysians (who are still very alien to this), but to foreign visitiors and tourists alike. And from the initial objective of concentrating only in their Borneo art, they have since diversified to widen our scope of interest to include the entire Indonesian archipelago, as we find the people of Borneo and the outer islands share the same ancestry and heritage. <br />
They have been collecting native art for over 20 years. It is their sincere hope that, God willing, they will have another 30 years to continue collecting. By then, it will be the legacy of the founder, and his son, to give something back to this country, our beloved Malaysia.<br />
<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-66364218151439038272016-11-05T21:45:00.003+08:002016-11-05T21:45:40.555+08:00<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><span style="background-color: blue;"><b><span style="color: black;"><span style="background-color: white;">中央藝術坊內</span></span><span style="background-color: white;"> My Little Borneo</span></b></span></span> </h2>
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<span style="color: orange;">砂拉越土產和手工藝品專賣店</span></h2>
座落在吉隆坡中央藝術坊的"My Little Borneo"---砂拉越土產和手工藝品專賣店,售賣的產品確實與眾不同.<br />
在吉隆坡著名夜市"茨廠街"(Petaling Street)鄰近的中央藝術坊(Pasar Seni),有一個非常別緻的英文原名--Central Market.<br />
這里原來是一個市場,賣菜的地點.這是多年以前的事了.<br />
1888年,中央市場開始在吉隆坡老街坊的生活中出現.据了解,這是當年吉隆坡甲必丹葉亞來所創建的一個"濕巴剎",一個賣魚,賣肉,賣菜的市場.市場稱為"濕",就表示這是售賣這類食品的地點,經常由於需要以水清洗,而呈現潮濕.<br />
後期,露天市場開始由雨蓋所取代,並且逐漸改善.<br />
上世紀80年代表(1980年期間),市場被他遷,原下這座建築物,馬來西亞遺產協會成功爭取將它保留下來,並逐步被提升為一個集文化,藝術,手工藝中心.<br />
在這個中心內,來自馬來西亞各地的商販,將他們的產品向世界展示.<br />
My Little Borneo",一間砂拉越土產和手工藝品專賣店也在這里設立.<br />
這間据稱由砂拉越民都魯的燕窩商所開辦的專賣店,主要售賣品包括東革阿里草藥,燕窩,香茅,蘭姜,黃姜,黑胡椒等.同時也售賣各式砂拉越手工藝品,皮包和巴迪布,亞答糖,巴里奧高山鹽,婆羅洲咖啡等.<br />
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<h2>
<b>Central Market</b></h2>
Central Market Kuala Lumpur is a centre for Malaysian culture, art and craft located in the heart of the city. As a building with significant historical value Central Market Kuala Lumpur has come a long way from its early beginning as a wet market to a delightful destination for tourists, shoppers and art lovers.<br />
Central Market began life as a wet market in 1888, built by Yap Ah Loy, the city’s Chinese Kapitan. It served as a prominent landmark in colonial and modern-day Kuala Lumpur. When the market continued to expand, a permanent structure was built to house all the vendors. By the 1930s the structure was further improvised to the current facade.<br />
When the wet market was relocated in the 1980s, the Malaysian Heritage Society successfully petitioned against the demolition of the building. Through an allocation of RM9 million granted by the Federal Government, the building underwent another facelift and was transformed into a centre for Malaysian culture, arts and handicraft. The façade has remained unaltered to retain the charm of yesteryears.<br />
On 15th April 1986, Melewar Leisure Sdn Bhd, a subsidiary of Kumpulan Melewar Berhad took ownership of the building to promote Malaysian culture through the sales of local art and craft products.<br />
In 2004, the Kha Seng Group acquired this iconic building. Under the company Central Market Sdn Bhd, the building and its accompanying Annexe was transformed into an award-winning tourist attraction and shopping destination, without compromising their enduring significance as the centre of the nation’s culture, art and heritage.<br />
Central Market Sdn Bhd invested RM10million in extensive upgrading work whilst making a conscious decision to maintain the market’s unique charm and character. Many positive changes were introduced including the initiation of zoned shopping areas and the upgrading of stalls and kiosks, thereby creating a net lettable area estimated at over 70,000 square feet of retail space.<br />
Over the last 20 years, the tenants of Central Market have unreservedly contributed to the tourism industry by selling and promoting Malaysian arts and handicrafts and souvenirs to both the foreign tourists as well as local visitors. Hence Central Market has not only been promoting the Malaysian Culture, but has also created business opportunities for many deserving entrepreneurs.<br />
Today, Central Market Kuala Lumpur is a must-visit destination offering visitors a unique shopping opportunity where they can relish not just a retail experience but also a heritage experience offering a wonderful visual treat and appreciation of Malaysia heritage and architecture in a glance as they step into its doors.<br />
Under its stunning art-deco structure, you will find more than 300 shops featuring local handicrafts, textiles, souvenirs, collectibles and restaurants. With its distinctive Malaysian flavor, Central Market Kuala Lumpur offers an excellent place to showcase the true Malaysian culture and heritage values attracting both locals and foreign tourists to its doors.<br />
<br />
<b>Central Market Annexe</b><br />
<br />
Central Market Kuala Lumpur’s emphasis on art is also evident with the transformation of Central Market Annexe to house a variety of eclectic art galleries. Located behind the main building, Central Market Annexe features an Illusion 3D Art Museum, an XD Motion Theater and the Central Market Art Lane, an art corner comprising of 10 unique studios that features exciting works of art by local artists. From contemporary art to caricature, architectural art, portraits of country premiers as well as a DIY batik workshop, the Art Lane retains a special charm offering art lovers an exciting and friendly place for both browsing and buying.<br />
<br />
<b>Kasturi Walk</b><br />
<br />
Located alongside the main building is the newly transformed, pedestrianized and covered walkway, Kasturi Walk. Opened in 2011, Kasturi Walk boasts an al fresco ambiance featuring an exciting variety of stalls selling tantalizing local snacks and exquisite souvenirs.<br />
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<u>(the above informations is taken from the website of the Central Market, at: <br />http://www.centralmarket.com.my/)</u><br />
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vendors in the Central Market.中央市場內的商販.<br />
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Central Market turned into Pasar Seni. 中央市場變身中央藝術坊.<br />
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artists annexed to the Central Market. 中央藝術坊的畫廊.</div>
Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-10637815864766604922016-11-04T22:22:00.003+08:002016-11-04T22:26:04.031+08:00<h2>
<span style="color: blue;"><b>新山華族歷史文物館</b></span></h2>
<br />
新山華族歷史文物館,位于新山市中心依布拉欣路,原為新山中華公會的舊會所,一共四層。一樓大廳免費參觀,主要是以展板形式列出歷年來的新山華族重大事件。二樓,三樓主要介紹新山開埠歷史以及華人社團在新山的發展,展品包括各種文物、圖片以及視頻。<br />
最上層則展示孫中山在南洋的革命史。<br />
這是一個講述華人在當地發展的歷史展館.<br />
它的地址: No,42,Jalan Ibrahim,Johor Bahru,(柔佛州,新山市)<br />
電話,07-2249633.<span class="text_exposed_show"><br /> 開放時間: 上午9:00–下午5:00(周一閉館).入門有收費.</span><br />
<h2>
<b><span class="text_exposed_show">Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum</span></b></h2>
<span class="text_exposed_show">Johor Bahru Chinese Heritage Museum, situated in the middle of the
older part of JB, telling the history of Chinese living in this part of
Malaysia.<br /> the address is 42, Ibrahim Street. it opens daily, except Monday, from 9am, until 5pm.<br /> interested to know something about Chinese history there, just go and have a tour inside.</span><br />
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Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-49551190815116285042016-11-03T22:40:00.000+08:002016-11-04T14:37:42.118+08:00<h2>
<b>敦朱加基金會 The Tun Jugah Foundation</b></h2>
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The Tun Jugah Foundation which was registered on 29th January, 1985, is a charitable organization. The Foundation has 5 divisions, namely Oral History and Oral Literature, Textiles, Library and Archives, Publications, and a Museum and Gallery.<br />
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敦朱加基金會創設於1985年正月29日.<br />
這個基金會擁有5個館:口述歷史和口述文藝,紡織品,圖書館和檔案館,出版,博物館和展示館.<br />
雖然館中皆為私人收藏品,然而卻不失其做為薀含感情和具歷史價值的藏品.<br />
敦朱加基金會,位處古晉東姑阿都拉曼路(沿砂拉越河邊的主要市中心道路)的敦朱加大廈4樓.<br />
這個基金會的展覽館,每周一至周五都有開放,給予公眾人士入內參觀.時間是上午9時,至中午12時,以及下午1時至4時30分.不過,公眾可以自由參觀的,只有受規定的地點.其它藏館,欲參觀則需要透過個別安排.<br />
欲了解更多關於這個基金會,以及它的展覽館事宜,可在敦朱加基金會網站獲取更多資訊,可鍵入tunjugahfoundation.org.my/<br />
地址:Level 4, Wisma Tun Jugah, 18 Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman, 93100 Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.<br />
telephone: 082-239672. fax: 082-412185.<br />
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<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-2651454228501728302016-05-02T11:56:00.002+08:002016-05-02T11:56:46.581+08:00 詩巫需要架空大道 Sibu want fly-overs<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Jalan Wong King Hoe needs a fly-over to Jalan Pedada, and Jalan Oya Lama. 黃景和路需要一個架空大道.<br />
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南蘭律同樣需要架空大道的及早建造. Lanang Road needs a fly-over as well.<br />
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詩巫需要發展,阿迪南,你的撥款究竟來不來?<br /> 詩巫人民的訴求,改善我們的交通網絡,快快建造架空大道,增建外圍大道.<br />
不要再談空中樓閣,不要再說計划,要就快快撥款建造!!<br /> (1)建至少兩個架空大道,一處在黃景和路與巴拉路,及烏也路之間.另一個是南蘭律至巴拉路和甘榜艾莆律之間.<span class="text_exposed_show"><br /> (2)阿曼路至東姑阿都拉曼路的連貫大道,中間連接到舊烏也路和英雄路.<br /> (3)林開臻路至巴塞洋的連貫大道.中間接至德古路和烏也路.不能等到第十一大馬計劃結束時才說,要列入第十二個大馬計划.<br /> (4)擴建聖伊麗沙白中學前面的烏也路路面,成為一條像樣的雙程道.不要被公共工程局騙了,只建這麼小型的最小雙程道.而且雙程道要接連到東姑阿都拉曼路.<br /> (5)德古路擴建講了又講,你就快快撥款建了吧,免得下次選舉還要再講.<br /> Adenan, please build fly-overs for Sibu soonest possible.<br /> Adenan, this is what Sibu ordinary people need:<br />
(1)build two (2) fly-overs at Jalan Wong King Hoe / Jalan Pedada /
Jalan Oya Lama. and Jalan Lanang / Jalan Pedada / Jalan Kampung Nyabor.<br />
(2)dual carriage road from Jalan Aman, & extended to Jalan Tunku
Abdul Rahman. with inter-change linking to Jalan Pahlawan and Jalan Oya
Lama.<br /> (3)extension of Jalan Ling Kai Chen to Jalan Pasai Siong, with inter-change at Jalan Teku and Jalan Oya Lama.<br />
(4)widening of Jalan Oya in front of St. Elizabeth Secondary School.
and don't be misled by JKR into building the smallest dual-carriage
road, ashame to Sibu. and extensiong the dual-carriage road to Jalan
Tunku Abdul Rahman.<br /> please Adenan, just deliver the fund, do the
work immediately, so that we no need to mention again the same thing
again in the next election.</span><br />
Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-19934994797344927492016-03-25T22:18:00.000+08:002016-03-25T22:18:31.599+08:00訪問詩巫,必參觀的景點 the MUST visit places while in Sibu (2016 edition)gigantic "Central Market" ---
considered the largest and most crowded central market in Malaysia.<br /> it's jungle produce market, is where the treasures are.<br /> most crowded time, will be Saturday & Sunday morning. come early, to see for yourself.<br /> 超巨型中央市場,號稱最國最大,最擁擠的市場.<br /> 它的森林產品市場,更是遊人必探密和大開眼界的地點.<span class="text_exposed_show"><br /> 最熱閙的時間是週末早晨.親自身歷其間,就知道所言不虛.</span><br />
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<span class="text_exposed_show">=============</span><br />
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Sibu Heritage Centre, situated in the central of the town, in the old building of Sibu Municipal Council, at Central Road.<br /> knowing Sibu, discover its history, this is the place.<br /> 訪問詩巫,必參觀的景點之一: 詩巫文化遺產中心.<br /> 座落在市中心,詩巫市議會舊大樓內,這里是認識詩巫的開始.<br />
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<span class="text_exposed_show">==========</span><br />
<span class="text_exposed_show"><br /></span>
Sibu Pasar Malam, at Market Road,
a stone throw away from the Central Market. open nightly, from 6pm
onwards, when the sky darken gradually, you will find hawkers busy doing
their business. <br /> stop at their stalls, and see how they prepare foods for their customers.<br /> 詩巫夜市場,傍晚6時開始,馬克律這一個方向開始熱鬧起來,小販陸續展開營業.華燈初上時,是拍照的最好時機,夜幕低垂下,停下腳步,看他們如何準備食物供應予顧客.<span class="text_exposed_show"><br /> 這里,每周7天都開放.</span><br />
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=============<br />
<br />
Sibu Wharf & Express boats Terminal.<br />
everyday, you will find this place full of activities, labourers carry
goods on their shoulders to the cargo vessels, passengers on and off the
express boats, now mostly traveling up-river to Song, Kapit, Belaga.
another express has a daily trip to Kuching, and vice-versa.<br /> this is
the most important river transport point in the whole Malaysia. you can
be sure, you will not find any other place in the<span class="text_exposed_show"> country like this wharf.<br /> 快艇和貨運碼頭.每天,在這里可以看到熱鬧的河岸活動.貨運工人,忙碌的搬送貨品上下內河貨輪.絡繹不絕的搭客,上下快艇.<br /> 詩巫是馬來西亞最主要的內陸水上交通中樞.由這里,可乘搭快艇走拉讓江上游的桑鎮,加帛市,以及布拉甲.每天也有一趟詩巫直透古晉的快艇.</span><br />
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Tua Peh Kong Temple. the temple is by the riverside, oversee the Rajang River, at the confluence of Rajang & Igan River.<br /> one can easily see the pagoda of the temple from far away, especially in a boat.<br /> the seven storeys pagoda, is one of its kind in this area.<br />
every three years, the temple will hold a grand scale procession in
commemorate the birthday of "Tua Pek Kong". this year, it will fall on
the 5th of May. <span class="text_exposed_show"><br /> 詩巫永安亭大伯公廟,座落在兩河交滙的地點,大伯公廟俯視著拉讓江和伊干江.遠近都很容易看到七層樓高的觀音塔,一個詩巫著名的地標.</span><br />
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===========<br />
<br />
Jubli Park (Jubilee Park) is away from Sibu Town, at Jalan Quarry Road, off Jalan Teku.<br />
this has been the best Recreational Park for Sibu people. above the
park, on top of Bukit Aup (Aup hill), is the land mark of Sibu, which is
the highest point of this town. an wooden tower was constructed of this
purpose. there is an observation tower, suspension bridge, a few ponds,
big area of park and recreational ground. nice place for<span class="text_exposed_show"> outing.<br />
the Iban people living nearby, treat this hill as their holy land,
which they buried their ancestors on top of the hill. until today,
occasionally, they still perform simple traditional ritual on this
place.<br /> 石山禧慶公園.這座離開詩巫市中心的公園,曾是這個市鎮最早,最受歡迎的一座公園.<br /> 這里也是詩巫的最高點標誌所在地點,公園背後的阿越山(Bukit Aup),曾是人們郊遊和野餐的首選.至今,高頂仍有提供燒烤設備.<br /> 過去,鄰近的伊班長屋居民,曾把這座山頂做為他們祖先的埋葬地,因此,至今不時仍在山頂舉行簡單和傳統的祭拜儀式.</span><br />
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=============<br />
<br />
Sibu Sunday Market, a place every one likes, can be seen every where in Malaysia. <br /> Sibu Sunday Market opens every week ends, Saturday early morning is usually the most crowded time.<br /> it is at Jalan Pedada, not far from town centre, across Sibu Gateway.<br /> 詩巫週日市集.<span class="text_exposed_show">一個全馬來西亞皆看得到的市場,也是廣受歡迎的週末市場.詩巫是在周六和周日開放.周六清晨6時半左右,是最熱鬧的時候.欲享受周日市集的熱潮,那是最好的時間,也是人人皆能好好享受的一段時間,既未開工,也不必趕去那里.<br /> 價廉物美,是周日市集到處受歡迎的主因.</span><br />
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============<br />
<br />
Wong Nai Siong Garden, a small piece of land to pay respect to the leader of the Foochow migrants over a century ago, for bringing their fore fathers to this place.<br />
they came in 1901, three groups all together 1,118 persons, mostly Foochow, including some women and children, and other dialects , to settle and open up the "wilderness" of Sibu to present state.<br />
the garden is by "Sungai Merah", the "red" river flowing along the small settlement of the same name, around 5km outside of Sibu town.<br />
乃裳公園,距離詩巫市約5公里,是黃乃裳1901年期間,率領三批1,118名中國移民,多為福州人,以及一些婦孺,前來這里墾荒.<br />
這個地點是新珠山,在一條"紅河"旁.<br />
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<span class="text_exposed_show"></span><span class="text_exposed_show"></span>Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-80913584129803885942016-03-16T21:26:00.001+08:002016-03-16T21:26:14.771+08:00衛理公會歷史文物館 增添劉家洙大宅模型 big wooden house by the Rajang River in 1924<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>福州墾場僑長劉家僑接近百年前建造的巨型大宅,其模型也是建造得非常細緻,盡量模仿原貌設計而成.</b><br />
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<b>劉家洙大廈當年建成時所拍下的歷史性圖片.</b><br />
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<b>劉家洙模型大宅工匠許開遠(左),將完成的模型屋移交予衛理公會歷史文獻部主席劉會達牧師接領時,與蘇慈安牧師,師母,劉邦訓伉儷,衛理公會文字事業部幹事黃孟禮,以及衛理公會泗里街教區歷史文獻執行會訪員等同合影.</b><br />
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<b>遠道而來的泗里街衛理公會歷史文獻執行會一行訪員,在許開遠的解說下,參觀衛理歷史文物展覽館之影.</b><br />
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<b>劉家洙大宅邊側景觀.</b><br />
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<b>劉家洙公子,88歲劉邦訓老校長,講述當年他在這間拉讓江巨宅出生和生活情況,感觸良多.</b><br />
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a big mansion, built by the then Foochow leader Lau Kah Tii, situated by the bank of Rajang River in 1924, was one of the biggest house during the time.<br />
the house was meant for his family members, and those first comers of the Foochow migrants, who have yet any where to go, nor any place to stay.<br />
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<wbr></wbr>衛理公會泗里街教區歷史文獻執行會一行人,於2016年3月12日抵訪參觀之時,<wbr></wbr>也是衛理歷史文物館接領了一座巨型模型---<wbr></wbr>福州人墾場僑長劉家洙當年座落在拉讓江畔的巨大住宅模型.<br />這座於1924年建造的大宅,屋身長96呎,闊48呎,<wbr></wbr>高達40呎的木屋,可以說是當年座落在拉讓江畔,<wbr></wbr>今日西岸鄉區的一間最巨型民宅.由於它的建築宏偉,手工的精細,<wbr></wbr>令這座屋子成為獨一無二的巨型民宅.<br />除了建築之宏偉,它的存在,<wbr></wbr>實際上不僅僅是提供僑長劉家洙一家人的屋所,<wbr></wbr>它還兼具了為當年初臨拉讓江,以福州人為主的中國南遷墾民,<wbr></wbr>提供一處臨時棲身之所.在這些墾民尚未獲得分配土地,<wbr></wbr>或未能及時完成本身棲身之所之前的停歇處.<br />當年這座耗資越幣2萬元的豪宅,是專程聘請中國名匠劉雲年,<wbr></wbr>劉邦暖共同建造,花費兩年時間始建成.這座大宅也分成三個部份,<wbr></wbr>即正宅,橫厝,及廚房,共有18個房間.這里除了居住之用,<wbr></wbr>也提供民間仲裁所,以及私墊之用.<br />時間的流逝,地方的發展,時局的演變,在大量鄉人口外移情況下,<wbr></wbr>上世紀80年代,它完成了歷史的使命,被空置多時之後被拆除.<br />2016年已屆88高齡的劉家洙兒子,劉邦訓在憶及陳年往事,<wbr></wbr>面對故居模型重現眼前時,含著淚水,語帶哽咽的緬懷說道,<wbr></wbr>看到這座祖屋令想起當年父母養育之恩.<br />他也感謝主,在祂的帶領下,使他們一家人,過去,現在,<wbr></wbr>都蒙祂的恩典,才有這個好的機會事奉主.<br />他說,這間屋子於1924年建成之後,於1929年,<wbr></wbr>他才在這里出生.<br />他記得父親非常嚴厲,對他們管教很嚴格.每周一,<wbr></wbr>一定前往市區做生意,周六才回家.那一天,孩子們又怕又歡喜.<wbr></wbr>歡喜,是因為一周不見父親,終於又可以見面.害怕,<wbr></wbr>則是一周內是否有做錯甚麼事,現在就是"算賬"的時候.<br />堂伯公是他們一周的管家,會當面向父親報告過去一周所發生的事.<wbr></wbr>如果需要處罰,就要面對鞭打之苦.當年之處罰,<wbr></wbr>今日可能有不同的詮釋和看法,卻是對他們的一種管教.<br />他也對模型屋工匠許開遠的手工表達感激之情,<wbr></wbr>將劉家洙大宅原型展現在大家眼前.<br /><br /> <span style="color: orange;">蘇慈安:向神獻上感恩</span><br /><br />衛理公會砂拉越華人年議會會長蘇慈安牧師,<wbr></wbr>在見證劉家洙大宅模型屋移交儀式上說,也看了這間巨宅的模型,<wbr></wbr>感受到上帝確實是偉大的上帝,<wbr></wbr>1924年那個劉家洙來到這個地方,怎麼會想得出建造一間這座,<wbr></wbr>而且又是這麼美,擁有18個房間的屋子.<br />他說,這令他想到,這是上帝給的智慧.<br />他說,當時這一班墾民來到這里的時候,他們這種勞苦,耕田,<wbr></wbr>做生意,建這麼大的屋子,可見是要養很多的人.這是不簡單的事.<wbr></wbr>現在我們生養兩三個孩子,已是吃不消了.<wbr></wbr>試想當時他們是多麼的勞苦.但是,不管他們在信仰上,家教上,<wbr></wbr>在事業上都有成,應受到今日我們對這些先賢先聖致以敬意.<br />他也對模型屋工匠許開遠,指他具備上帝給他的智慧.<wbr></wbr>也謝謝他讓大家明瞭,尋求主幫助的重要.<wbr></wbr>今天我們每一個人都學習到這樣一個功課,大家都應獻上感恩.<br /></div>
Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-16028681958768594022016-02-21T21:59:00.000+08:002016-02-21T22:34:16.218+08:00日本客家研究學者飯島典子主講 《東南亞客家人的身份認同》研究心得砂拉越華族文化協會,於2016年2月20日舉辦了一場小型學術研討會, 由日本客家研究學者飯島典子, 以《東南亞客家人的身份認同》為題, 分享其研究心得。<br />
主講人飯島典子女士, 為日本一橋大學社會學研究科博士,
廣島市立大學准教授。著有《近代客家社會的形成─在“他稱”與“自稱”之間》(暨南大學出版社2015年,
日文原著由於2007年由風响社出版)。其他著作有:《客家的創生與再創生─從歷史與空間出發的綜合性再評價》、《變樣的華南與華人關係網的現狀》(合
著)。主要論文有:《“二戰”前日本的客家認識》、《走向內陸的廣東人─以民國時期華南礦山的開發為中》等。<br />
a small scale
talk on the Hakka people in South East Asia, organized by the Sarawak
Chinese Cultural Association, was held yesterday (February 20, 2016).
the speaker is a associate professor of <span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">Hiroshima</span></span> State University,
Iijima Noriko.<br />
local Hakka packed the small seminar room, express their appreciation of the talk and giving views on the same subject.<br />
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日本一橋大學社會學研究科博士,
廣島市立大學准教授,飯島典子博士主講之神態.左2為主持人,砂拉越大學人類與社會學系講師蔡靜芬博士.右2為砂拉越華族文化協會會長陳錫監.<br />
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飯島典子博士講解客家人的不同認識和見解.<br />
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陳錫監贈送砂拉越原住民飾品予飯島典子博士.<br />
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砂拉越原住民飾品.<br />
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飯島典子博士高興的戴上砂拉越原住民飾品.<br />
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蔡忠良發表個人見解和看法.左起為砂華文協秘書劉錦虎,名譽會長本固魯蔡雄基.<br />
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客家公會會員發表意見.<br />
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甲必丹李長風發表個人看法.右為客家公會副主席鍾嘉麟.<br />
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全體出席參加研討會人士同合影.<br />
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詩巫客家公會會員與飯島典子博士,蔡靜芬博士等合影.左為該會主席鍾偉國.<br />
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出席參加研討會場面.<br />
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Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-88314093969537385882016-02-21T10:49:00.002+08:002016-02-21T10:50:58.676+08:00福州人創辦益和陶瓷廠製造 光華學校捐贈舊飲水陶甕 Old ceramic water jars donated to Methodist Heritage Gallery<span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">over 70 years old ceramic water jars, providing drinking water to students, are donated by the management board of Kwong Hua School, Sibu, to the Methodist Heritage Gallery to keep and display.</span></span><br />
<span class="short_text" id="result_box" lang="en"><span class="hps">these two jars are made by a ceramic factory, Aik Hoe Company, owned by local Foochow people, on the other side of Rajang River, at Pulau Kerto.</span></span> <br />
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詩巫光華學校校董部,捐贈兩座具歷史意義的古舊飲水陶瓮予衛理公會歷史文獻部,以充實衛理文物展覽館館藏物品.<br />
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這兩個頗大陶瓮,相信大約是於上個世紀(1940年之後)四十年代,<wbr></wbr>在當年設廠哥樂多的「益和陶瓷廠」所製作,距今70多年.<wbr></wbr>陶瓮底下還註名是「益和」製造.</div>
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据了解,「益和陶瓷廠」是於1940多年在當地設廠.</div>
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据一名潮州先賢許松欽指出,1947年,在他21歲時,隻身前來詩巫,並在哥樂多「益和」號陶瓷廠工作.他說,這是一間由福州人開辦的陶瓷廠.<br />
由於是做為學生在校飲水方便之故,而在兩座陶甕底部,<wbr></wbr>都開了兩個水頭,非常別緻.<br />
光華小學校長蔣麗莉表示,<wbr></wbr>光華中小學校董部主席拿督陳聯璋應允捐出這兩座飲水陶瓮,<wbr></wbr>以資後人對學校歷史的追溯,<wbr></wbr>而安排於今日移交予衛理公會歷史文獻部.<br />
衛理歷史文物館除了注重以教會為主的文物,<wbr></wbr>由於教會發展與社會不能脫勾,因此,亦收藏民間的古老文物.<wbr></wbr>該館對光華學校的捐贈表達謝意.</div>
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<b>光華小學校長蔣麗莉(左5),移交飲水陶瓮予衛理公會歷史文獻部主席劉會達牧師.副校長魏茂崧(左4)予交予歷史文獻部副主席黃孟禮.左起為衛理文物館管理人許開遠,以及衛理公會歷史文獻部主任魏順珠.</b></div>
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<b>陶甕底部設有兩個水頭,方便學生飲水之用,非常別緻.</b></div>
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<b>這座陶甕,是由詩巫對岸,哥樂陶的益和陶瓷廠所製造,距今70餘年.</b><b><b>益和</b>陶瓷廠,是由福州人於1940年代或更早所創辦的.</b></div>
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<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTiHNKTNnrsx2gbsKcr76OE8LWbZ5xx5u4GLBbiqOc2LOmZxgzzcXRp3feRvubQu0VllFYl99oIC841dktZPp0bVtBrvU7X1S1Rb6Z3gRYUZat7RKDAWH12Wo_iXqurowaaUN9UI95tApI/s1600/DSC_3910+%2528Large%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTiHNKTNnrsx2gbsKcr76OE8LWbZ5xx5u4GLBbiqOc2LOmZxgzzcXRp3feRvubQu0VllFYl99oIC841dktZPp0bVtBrvU7X1S1Rb6Z3gRYUZat7RKDAWH12Wo_iXqurowaaUN9UI95tApI/s640/DSC_3910+%2528Large%2529.JPG" width="426" /></a></b></div>
<b>黃孟禮和許開遠,合力將兩座飲水陶甕扛到鄰近的衛理文物展覽館存放和展示.</b><br />
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<b>哥樂陶是在詩巫南岸,與拉讓江另一邊岸,即西岸的光華學校,是一江之隔.當年人們都是靠水路往返兩地.由於距離不是很遠,由益和陶瓷廠訂制的飲水陶甕,運送往光華學校,基本上沒有多大困難.</b>Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-51428236156335540752015-12-17T11:21:00.001+08:002015-12-17T11:39:52.472+08:00敦朱加基金会獲頒第28屆林連玉精神獎 Tun Jugah Foundation is given the 28th Lim Lian Geok Spirit Award<br />
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<b>敦朱加基金会主席,拿督阿瑪林奇朱加(右2),領取2015年,第28屆林連玉精神獎. Chairman of The Tun Jugah Foundation, Datuk Amar Leonard Linggi Jugah (2nd right) receiving the 28th "Lim Lian Geok Spirit Award" .</b><br />
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第28届林连玉精神奖得主 <br />
Taniah kepada Pemenang Anugerah Semangat Lim Lian Geok ke-28<br />
1)已故丹斯里颜清文 Mendiang Tan Sri Ngan Ching Wen<br />
2)敦朱加基金会 The Tun Jugah Foundation <span class="text_exposed_show"><br /> 3)郑良树教授 Profesor Tay Lian Soo<br /> 4)陈子儒先生 En. Tan Choo Joo</span><br />
以下是四位得奖者的介绍及得奖短片Introduction Video<br />
1)已故丹斯里颜清文 Mendiang Tan Sri Ngan Ching Wen<br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/PgCOBHa4MdE" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/PgCOBHa4MdE</a><br />
2)敦朱加基金会 The Tun Jugah Foundation <br />
<a href="https://youtu.be/o934lk-dmFw" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/o934lk-dmFw</a><br />
3)郑良树教授 Profesor Tay Lian Soo<br />
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutu.be%2FxChZ3ycc6ls&h=qAQF1y4OVAQFV_YXTKtHwMQDBzFJ0Zt7IMAfSSdnUL50hzA&enc=AZMPFYPMfZOBNGTJ-JvMeWD-wxkgsjX9XHWRIXLQXN_pdsEjM8G0qcuZbMV8LaqHo47TJxQQ62P4iyEkgy8lzcNf8uQMZ8fx535a8UWQgm07Ka5cVbJZTVx0VyPZdLT3EMoDcoeTwZsWkKvcXo4UGTcG0If5bwkC-xy8aW9yW5IkoUNEahp6R-9tLnsnj7tWrYRCJB-ks1l59Ufn8lRLjj5v&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/xChZ3ycc6ls</a><br />
4)陈子儒先生 En. Tan Choo Joo<br />
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fyoutu.be%2FTljFQqCjbpQ&h=JAQHLP3vEAQHg7EqEszvtGPKfE1Ih-JbCa6Q3XXaMA-lJ5w&enc=AZPtGesK0CCEwd6eF1ylqCh9g4t9f6IPmEcjUBakHihLRak_-RU3r6yEu0sMHscgjSmYSFcvRiWwO3DzZU1VTNoWwk1HpXV8y94J84pxWSKrS33aB73E0sbNvP9FO1FCBAHmoUu2-RiOpsmoS_AOZ-r59i9gRqylzdwjYYSQwMqP9Ek17lHOxVb1lIanzfSq2SWEZvT8fRG3sh-j15bei17U&s=1" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/TljFQqCjbpQ</a><br />
<br />
Datuk Amar Leonard Linggi Jugah ("<span class="refName">Datuk Linggi</span>")
has over 36 years experience in the business and legal sectors,
successfully building up strong networks with both Government and the
private sector.<br />
Having graduated from the <span class="refName">University of Hull</span>, <span class="refName">Datuk Linggi</span> qualified as a barrister, called to the High Court of Borneo in 1969.<br />
Upon returning to Malaysia, he became the Deputy Public Prosecutor in the <span class="refName">Sarawak</span> Judicial Department from 1969 to 1971.
Following this, he entered active politics and was elected as a member of the <span class="refName">State Legislative Assembly</span>.
Since then, he has served in a variety of political roles including Minister in the <span class="refName">Sarawak</span> State Cabinet, Member of <span class="refName">Parliament</span>,
appointee to the parliamentary Public Accounts Committee, Secretary General of Parti Pesaka Bumiputra Bersatu Sarawak.<br />
As a Bumiputra entrepreneur, <span class="refName">Datuk</span> has also been involved in the Malaysian business sector, building up the <span class="refName">Limar Group</span>, a diversified group with interests in shipping, property, plantation and timber, of which he remains the Chairman.
Datuk is also managing trustee of the <span class="refName">Dayak Cultural Foundation</span> and the Chairman of the <span class="refName">Tun Jugah Foundation</span>.
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<br />
Among the objectives of the <span class="refName">Tun Jugah </span>Foundation are:<br />
<ul class="list">
<li>
Primarily, to receive and administer funds for educational, medical, and
charitable purposes, all for public welfare and for no other purposes;</li>
<li>To preserve and promote Iban culture, arts and language;</li>
<li>To conduct research, and to provide intellectual materials or
education tools such as publications, for scholars and future
generations;</li>
<li>To collect/record, transcribe, translate and interpret all forms of
Iban folklore for study by contemporary scholars and future generations
of Iban in particular;</li>
<li>To perpetuate the memory of the late Tun Datuk Patinggi Tan Sri Temenggong Jugah anak Barieng. </li>
<li> <b>General Activities</b></li>
<li>Aside from the activities carried out by the various sections, the
Foundation is also involved in organizing other activities together with
the State Government or other organizations. Among the past general
activities are as follows:</li>
<li>1988 Iban Cultural Seminar, Kapit, 27 - 30 June</li>
<li>1989 Hosted the First Extraordinary Meeting of the Borneo Research Council, Kuching Hilton, 4 - 9 August</li>
<li>1993 Iban Cultural Seminar, Sri Aman, 27 - 28 June</li>
<li>1998 Iban Cultural Seminar, Bintulu, 23 - 24 October</li>
</ul>
Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-3888918901908372022015-12-14T22:07:00.001+08:002015-12-14T22:07:22.559+08:00實文然華人1,600人左右 Simunjan has a population of about 43,100.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMA6ogoUPWB1llbJmlUkB0uMGZF-xOhmZkmJ3OC7ven96PQ2XcaAN-3PvZ3dCZa93UbZojaVxZ97jJv698p94EpcOCKNIywATTQrVxJTc-M4ALXQH3grMqTv-oebnLLGwyfwr83VWYlKEr/s1600/Simunjan-1+%2528Large%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhMA6ogoUPWB1llbJmlUkB0uMGZF-xOhmZkmJ3OC7ven96PQ2XcaAN-3PvZ3dCZa93UbZojaVxZ97jJv698p94EpcOCKNIywATTQrVxJTc-M4ALXQH3grMqTv-oebnLLGwyfwr83VWYlKEr/s640/Simunjan-1+%2528Large%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
coastal town Simunjan. 沿海小鎮實文然.<br />
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a view of Simunjan town centre. 實文然市鎮中心.<br />
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甲必丹刘伟群(客屬)(坐者)受到砂拉越華族文化協會執行主任蔡增(右起)之訪問,本固魯蔡雄基,以及歷史組組員林禮長.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1GZZG3wwDs1Jnv5fMQxaZHm1mXZ2pHK5-1tkhyphenhyphen_PTLRZtaOEixvxEfkuNteaff7V2qPZF-hhPzXSR16TDjRZ7v-PbkCPXW7vqDLEECE1YULPtDZIad7FcW6OySbr435kFT6oLlOp0oNYl/s1600/Simunjan-6+%2528Large%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1GZZG3wwDs1Jnv5fMQxaZHm1mXZ2pHK5-1tkhyphenhyphen_PTLRZtaOEixvxEfkuNteaff7V2qPZF-hhPzXSR16TDjRZ7v-PbkCPXW7vqDLEECE1YULPtDZIad7FcW6OySbr435kFT6oLlOp0oNYl/s640/Simunjan-6+%2528Large%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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實文然炭山調查,發現山壁上多個石洞,應是當年開挖煤炭的石洞.<br />
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實文然早期做生意的,閩南人較多.因為至今市鎮中心,人們交談仍然以閩南話為主.當年古晉一帶多數是講閩南話,前往實文然謀生的人,自然也是閩南話商人為主.<br />
不過,2015年的時候,据甲必丹劉偉群表示,應是客家人較多.他本身是客家大埔人.<br />
目前市鎮中心,約有50間商店.顧客以土著為主.市鎮中心鄰近土著則是以馬來人為主.距離三哩以上的則是伊班人.而華人在整個實文然縣,約有1,600人.<br />
一間實文然中華小學,學生百多人,65%為土著.土著生以馬來人為主.華小生存靠土著.<br />
華人從商.有閩南人,潮州人,福州人,客家人.而客家河婆人,則較大埔人多.<br />
華人宗教信仰,以大伯公廟信眾最多.還有衛理公會(基督教),天主教.華人多為大伯公廟信眾.<br />
以人口來說,馬來人二萬五千多人,伊班人一萬三千多人,加上華人,實文然(包括日朗,新巫瑤等),總人口達到43,100左右(根据實文然縣網頁,砂人口2008年中期統計).華人只佔人口的5%.<br />
目前,實文然前往古晉,可以使用海口區渡輪,日朗(Gedong)路,以及原有老路.另有摩拉端方向.<br />
大伯公廟早年建在老巴剎,河岸邊,目前已不存在.由於河堤問題,容易土崩,需要解決這方面問題.後來廟就遷移到現址.<br />
1958年建好新巴剎商店.河堤是最關心的民生問題.一個巴剎移了三次,直到今天.<br />
今天實文然主要靠油棕,胡椒,樹膠,稻米,水果,蔬菜等.森林產品仍然有,不過已減少.例如亞答糖來自新巫瑤等.<br />
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Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-20987210491617388512015-11-23T13:29:00.000+08:002015-11-23T13:29:11.546+08:002015年的 「板督」 Pantu in 2015板督Pantu---砂拉越內陸沿泛婆大道的小鎮,距離木中,砂拉卓,成邦江都不遠.開鎮至今超過百年.這里是伊班人為主要人口的地方.華人人口,以河婆客家人居多.甲必丹名叫李炳仁.<br />
這里原是客家人多,不過,現在也有不少福州人,過去多以從事木材業為主.目前華人人口30-40戶,約有百多人.<br />
今日的板督主要靠油棕,胡椒業.<br />
這里沒有華人神廟,華人多拜佛,拜祖先.鎮上可見一間SIB教堂,是伊班人為主的信仰.<br />
華人的商店兩排共18間.過去,他們開店到夜晚7、8點,現在只開到下午2、3點.由於交通方便,他們容易往返與各市鎮.因此,下午過後,便沒有多少生意可做.<br />
這里有一間小學--板督中華公學,診療所,警察局,市場等設備. <br />
Pantu, a small coastal town near the Pan Borneo highway, in the interior of Sarawak. the population there is mostly consist of Iban, with minority Chinese, mostly Hakka Hoepo, Foochow.<br />
Chinese population just thirty to forty families, slightly over a hundred people. mostly doing business in the town centre, with two rows of 18 shops.<br />
the town has been established for over a hundred years.<br />
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砂拉越華族文化協會名譽會長本固魯蔡雄基(左),與該會執行主任蔡增聰(右),訪問板督甲必丹李炳仁. Sarawak Chinese Cultural Association honorary Chairman Penghulu Chua Hiong Kee (left), and executive Chua Chen Choon (right), talking to Kapitan Lee.<br />
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板督甲必丹李炳仁,客家河婆人. Kapitan of Pantu, Mr. Lee.<br />
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板督中華公學,發展了數十年.約10年前,展開新校舍發展.學生百多人,逾半為伊班人.<br />
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a view of Pantu town.<br />
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wooden shop houses, very traditional.<br />
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傳統的古老木板店.<br />
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小鎮上午熱鬧,下午就平靜下來.<br />
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<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-23978035529672917862015-08-09T23:41:00.000+08:002015-08-09T23:47:10.286+08:00(婆羅洲華人國際學術研討會) 林青青博士----杆秤与巴冷的锒铛回响---浅谈砂拉越华人与达雅人的族群关系进程<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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林青青博士<br />
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<b>提要:</b>在砂拉越这个多元种族的社会里,族群关系向来是社会发展的重要环节。在特定的政治氛围中,它甚至成为疆土安靖与政权稳固的关键因素。<br />
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本论文以砂拉越近代史为背景,在口述历史的引述下,略谈布洛克时代(二战前后)及战后60年间,在各种内外和主客观因素的影响下,砂拉越华族与达雅族之间的族群关系,尤其近20年来族群关系的改变与进程,从中剖析砂拉越华人的自我定位及身份认同问题。<br />
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<b>一、前言</b><br />
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中国人早在二世纪就已经到婆罗洲各地与当地土人以物物交换的方式进行商业交易。然而,十九世纪末与二十世纪初的“移民热潮” 却从根本上改变了砂拉越的社会面貌和族群关系。<br />
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华人,这个砂拉越近代社会中“异军突起”的族群成为布洛克政府巩固政权、开疆拓土的“主力军”。以经济利益为着眼点的布洛克政府积极鼓励华人开垦土地,推动砂拉越的经济发展,以期财库丰裕 。只是,在达雅人眼中,华人在砂拉越的垦殖活动却是侵占土地、剥夺既得利益的行为。因此,早期砂拉越各族群间冲突不断,械斗事件时而有闻。在布洛克政府的“分化”、“隔离”、“监控”等政策下,除了商业交易之外,华人与达雅人之间的双向接触并不多,尤其在城镇地区更是壁垒分明,井水不犯河水。<br />
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早期大多数华人移民都志在“淘金”,终其一生所期待的就是“衣锦还乡,光宗耀祖”的风光。然而移民们哀伤悠远的“还乡曲”却随着1955周恩来在万隆会议上的宣布戛然而止。<br />
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截然不同的身份和定位改变了世界各地华侨的思维和生活方式,在思索如何将他乡变故乡之际,他们也开始反思与其他族群的关系及相处之道,而所在地的政治与族群生态也从此改变。<br />
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割舍原乡的锥心之痛在迫人的现实生活中发酵为一股强韧的动力,砂拉越华人更积极的透过各种管道与其他族群斡旋、共处,务求在这一片江河泽林之地落地生根,绵延子孙。<br />
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而砂拉越的族群关系也从最初的恐惧、避忌、对立转为后来的相互依存,进而兼容并蓄、异中求存,到如今,沉淀为一潭清香佳酿,这之间所掺杂的是超过一个世纪的政治,经济、宗教、文化和教育进程。<br />
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<b>二、砂拉越与砂拉越族群简介</b><br />
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砂拉越(Sarawak)位于婆罗洲(Borneo,旧称渤泥,为世界第三大岛屿)之上。砂拉越的地形可分为沿海沼泽地带、中部丘陵地带和内陆山区,沼泽林约占砂拉越面积的五分之一。<br />
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地处赤道的砂拉越在气候上非常湿热,终年高温多雨,属典型赤道型气候。每年3月到10月为旱季,11月至次年2月间则为雨季。丰沛的雨水和特殊的地形构成交错密布的河流。河流自古以来是砂拉越人的命脉,砂拉越境内河流多,一些外国学者甚至称砂拉越为“江河之邦”(A Land of Rivers) 海洋,开启了砂拉越的对外关系,江河则带动砂拉越的历史进程,孕育出一汪璀璨多元却又平和的族群文化。根据2010年马来西亚人口普查结果,砂拉越境内总人口为239万9839人 ,共有27个不同的族群 。达雅人是最大族群,其中伊班人最多,占总人口的29%。<br />
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“达雅人”这个名词常常出现在砂拉越各种文献资料和官方档案中。若按达雅人的解释,“达雅”一词指的是“人” 。<br />
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为了方便统治、监管,白人拉者-布洛克王朝(Brookes Monarchy)的拉者(Rajah,一些人将其译为“拉惹”,国王或统治者的意思)将达雅人进一步分化为海达雅和陆达雅。 <br />
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“达雅”(Dyak, Dajak,Dya,Daya)这个名称据说是源自荷属加里曼丹 。白人拉者将砂拉越境内较为温驯顺服的部族归类为“陆达雅”,并善用他们来对付民风彪悍,桀骜难驯的“海达雅” <br />
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一般人,包括政治人物和学者都惯以“土著”或“原住民”来统称并界定达雅人的族群地位。实际上,不少达雅人都自认本身的先祖是外来人,就以泗里末伊班人来说,其中一些口传历史甚至自称先祖来自印尼和中东地区。 因此,套用“原住民”或“土著”来统称达雅人实属不宜。为了尊重达雅人的口传历史,本文将改以“达雅人”一词来统称砂拉越境内的“土著族群”。<br />
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值得一提的是,砂拉越华人惯以“拉子”来称呼达雅人,虽然至今“拉子”的意义和起源无从查起,一些人认为这个名词带有贬义,但另一些人则认为那是对达雅人的惯称,这个名词也常见于砂拉越华人作家的作品之中,旅台作家李永平的《拉子妇》就是其一。 <br />
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<b>三、砂拉越历史中的华人</b><br />
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根据中国古籍和东南亚历史记载,早在西元前二世纪(汉朝)就有中国人南下婆罗洲经商 。他们利用帆船运载玉石、铁器、大瓮和青铜器及黄铜器皿到婆罗洲来与当地人交换各种土产、香料、树脂、兽皮、兽牙、兽角和上乘木料。 <br />
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早期中国与婆罗洲之间的商业活动非常频繁,中国古籍中常见“渤泥国”的记载。中国著名史学家罗香林就根据南宋赵汝适的《诸番志》推测当年中国人到渤泥国经商的一些细节:“凡海舶抵其国(汶莱王国),必以中国饮食献其王,故舟往渤泥,必挟中国善庖者一二辈以俱。观于当日渤泥国王植嗜好华食,知其地所受中国文化影响之深也。”。 <br />
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西方史籍记载,1520年前后,很多华人聚居在婆罗洲海岸一带,当时在婆罗洲,特别是当年的王城汶莱,更是处处可见中国商品、钱币和各种度量衡器具。 在欧洲各国势力渗入东南亚之前,汶莱王国(包括砂拉越)对外贸易的主要对象 几乎全是华人。 <br />
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大多数史学家都认为华人大批移居砂拉越是布洛克政府时期(1841-1945)的政策使然,实际上,在白人拉惹入主砂拉越之前,不少华工已在砂拉越境内为负责经营大小矿区的马来苏丹效力。 <br />
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虽然史家无法敲定华人最早出现在婆罗洲的年份,但各种古今史籍、早期的口述历史和出土古物都在在印证了华人在婆罗洲历史上的存在事实和影响力。<br />
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<b>四、近代的华人移民</b><br />
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早期华人在婆罗洲的主要活动是商业贸易,尽管往来频繁,一些华商甚至聚居在婆罗洲沿海一带,但主要关系仍建立在商业利益交换模式之上。论及社会影响力,远不及19世纪下半叶至二战之间的大规模华族移民活动-“下南洋”。<br />
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当时西方帝国主义殖民经济席卷全世界,物资丰富的东南亚旋即成为西方列强的另一个逐鹿场。西方人需要大量廉价劳工来开拓和经营这一片黄金之地,勤奋刻苦的华工因此成为西方政府的首选,砂拉越的布洛克政府也不例外。<br />
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在当时,欧洲人普遍上都把华人标榜为“盗贼流氓之辈” ,然而,对身在砂拉越的英国人来说,与乐天随性的马来人与达雅人相比,二十世纪初南来的华族移民在很多方面都超越了当时砂拉越境内的达雅人和马来人。<br />
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第一任拉惹詹姆士布洛克一心想将砂拉越打造成第二个爪哇(东南亚商业中心) ,他一方面想借助“富有机动性、勤奋刻苦又有商业头脑的华人”来巩固势力、发展砂拉越的经济, 另一方面却厌恶华人的诡计多端,总是想方设法去监控甚至掌控华人社群,尤其华人公司(Kongsi)。詹姆士布洛克的强硬手腕最终引发了1857年的石隆门华工事件。 <br />
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对砂拉越境内各个族群,詹姆士布洛克采取“分而治之”的政策, 将各个族群分化、隔离,必要时,甚至挑拨离间, 以求逐个击破,便于掌控。<br />
石隆门事件后,布洛克政府与华社、华社与其他族群关系僵化。詹姆士布洛克对华人不再信心满满,华人对他也满腹疑惑。在詹姆士布洛克统治后期,他重用马来人和达雅人,尽管在1868年逝世前,詹姆士布洛克还想招揽华工到砂拉越来,但他不能完全相信华人,也无法取信于华人。<br />
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詹姆士布洛克倚重马来人和欧洲人来治理砂拉越,但第二任拉惹查理斯布洛克的政权却倚重华人和达雅人。<br />
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相较于詹姆士布洛克的猜忌和怀疑,第二任拉惹查尔斯布洛克对华人有着相当正面的评价。他曾公然赞扬华族移民为“无比优秀的民族”。<br />
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少了他们,东方国家难有所成。他们糅合了许多优良和愿意冒险的本质,但不得不承认的是,他们也有不好的习性。他们粗野、专横跋扈得像低级的欧洲人…他们乐善好施及力求完美的精神却足以弥补他们的不是…说到勤奋,他们和白人不相上下…我很乐意和东方的华商交易…我深信有教养的华人和白人是一样诚实、正直的。 <br />
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为了振兴经济,提高收入,查尔斯布洛克致力开垦土地,发展农业,到1880年代,砂拉越的农业蓬勃发展,需要更多劳工,而“善于利用土地”的华人就成为他的首要目标。 查尔斯布洛克透过各种管道,利用各种优惠和生活补助从新加坡,甚至直接从中国招揽更多华人到砂拉越垦荒。<br />
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查尔斯布洛克先后招来数批华人移民,包括1898年古晋地区的客家人、1901年、1902年在诗巫落脚的福州人和随后而来的广东人及兴化人以及后来移居巴南地区的华人移民。布洛克政府并刻意将它们安置在内陆地区,如拉让江流域和巴南河一带。一方面垦荒,增加可耕地的面积,另一方面也更易于控制。<br />
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…内陆河流可供大型船只航行,如果华人越来越麻烦,群起叛变,要对他们发动攻势也很容易。内陆地区与海岸地区断绝音讯,切断鸦片和其它物品的供应线,这将有效的遏制华人的不法行为。<br />
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布洛克政府的亲善优惠政策,加上教会的辅助,砂拉越境内华人人口迅速增长。从1841年的1千人到1947年的14万5千158人,华人在砂拉越的分布也越来越广泛。根据1973年的人口估计,砂拉越华人人口达32万5005人,是砂拉越最大族群。<br />
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<b>五、族群关系</b> <br />
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中国中山大学社会学教授周一鸣指出“族群一詞最早是1930年代開始使用,被用來描述兩個群體文化接觸的結果,或者是從小規模群體在向更大社會中所產生的涵化現象。”<br />
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族群意指同一社會中共用文化的一群人,尤其是共用同一語言,並且文化和語言能夠沒有什麼變化的代代傳承下去上述的定義都是從群體內部的共同特徵出發的,即強調語言、種族和文化的特徵。 <br />
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他认为“族群”並不是單獨存在的,“它存在於與其他族群的互動關係中…我們必須從族群互動中研究族群內涵和族群關係”。 <br />
族群关系是一种复杂繁琐的社会关系,尤其在多元种族的社会中。它更是统治者治国理念和政治智慧的一大考验。<br />
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<b>(一)砂拉越的多向族群关系</b><br />
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布洛克时代(1841年8月18日-1946年6月30日)的华人移民热潮对砂拉越的影响层面,尤其在族群和社会结构上更是深广。<br />
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布洛克政府,尤其第二任拉惹查尔斯布洛克为了提高砂拉越的经济收益,透过各种管道从中国华南地区招揽华工到砂拉越“垦荒”。大批华工移居砂拉越,在一定程度上,冲击了马来人和达雅人社群,也改变了砂拉越原有的族群生态。<br />
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在这个语言、文化截然不同的生活共同体之中,语言的隔阂和政策的隔离限制了各族群之间的交流,但共享的资源却让各族群之间的互动越来越频繁,他们相互利用、各取所需,也针锋相对、侵占伤害。<br />
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在砂拉越的社会架构中,华人、达雅人和统治者(汶莱苏丹、布洛克政府、日据政府、英国殖民地、马来西亚政府)之间的关系错综复杂,长久以来,华人和达雅人,甚至统治者之间既是相互依持,却又互相排挤。<br />
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在现实的条件下,各个族群为了各种利益,不得不与其他族群互动互补,这种互动关系可以使双向,也可以是多向循环的。诚如图(八)显示,统治者、华人和达雅人之间的共同点(A)是三者之间达致的共识和三者之间的利害关系。以布洛克政府为例,当时的政治体系中有不少涉及三者利益和权益的问题,如土地问题、对内对外的经济活动、社会治安等都需要三方协调、配合。但统治者和华人及达雅人之间又分别发展出一种相互依持、辅助却又互相牵制,甚至抵制的双向关系。<br />
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统治者需要华人为他们打拼,华人务农、经商、冶铁、开矿,成为地方税收的主要来源。 在经济收益方面,统治者不得不器重勤奋节俭的华人。不过英勇善战的达雅人和马来人也是统治者平定乱事、维持地方安靖的常备军,石隆门华工事件就是一个实例。<br />
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对面对挑战和生存威胁的华人来说,想要在这一片土地上谋生,就必须得到统治者的政治庇护和权益保障来保有他们的财富和族群利益,甚至是生命安全。而在族群竞争中,达雅人和马来人也必须靠统治者的扶助才能扭转劣势,获取一定的经济利益。如此一来,各个族群都必须尽力与统治者维持合作关系,在与其他族群力量相抗衡之余,也能藉此壮大本身的组织和声势。<br />
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另一方面,华人和达雅人之间也共享利益,尤其在经济层面上的合作更是唇齿相依,缺一不可。华人尽管不喜欢“浑浑噩噩,文化知识低落的土人”, 但还是需要达雅人的土产,达雅人厌恶诡计多端的华人,却又需要华人提供的日用品和食品。<br />
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而尽管各个族群间的往来频繁,关系密切,但每个族群都有一个他族无法逾越和介入的“社群地盘”,这是多元社会中必然存在的一种现象。即便在异族通婚越来越普遍,族群识别越来越模糊的今天,各个族群内的“夷我之分”观念仍可在言谈举止之间明显察觉。<br />
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<b>(二)族群关系简析</b><br />
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砂拉越华人与达雅人的族群关系可从以下几个范畴中窥得一二。<br />
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<b>(1)经济-农耕和商业活动</b><br />
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<b>A 农耕活动</b><br />
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布洛克政府鼓励并奖掖农耕活动,因此大多数南来华人都以务农为生。华人人口的增加,虽然有效地提高了砂拉越的农业所得,却无可避免的引发了更多族群土地纠纷和社会问题。<br />
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土地纠纷是布洛克政府最头疼的问题。尽管布洛克政府的隔离政策使各个族群之间壁垒分明,但土地侵占和越界耕作事件仍时而有闻,而族群之间的土地买卖欺诈事件也让布洛克政府官员伤透脑筋。 <br />
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早期华人和达雅人的纠纷主要是土地问题使然。1887年砂拉越宪报中所记录的伦乐土地纠纷事件就是一个实例。<br />
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华农和达雅人之间的土地纠纷和冲突事件从不间断,从伦乐附近地区所开发的胡椒园数量来看,今后诸如此类的纠纷一定有增无减。 <br />
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当地客家农户与达雅人的土地纠纷不断加剧,一度迫使当时的政府查尔斯布洛克亲自到石隆门审查这些事件。当然,对急迫想要拓展农耕经济的查尔斯而言,能够高度利用土地换取更高收益的华人才是砂拉越经济发展的先驱者,他宁可违反达雅人的土地习俗法,也不愿意妨碍客家农户的农耕活动。 <br />
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初来乍到的华人不了解达雅人的土地习俗,他们急于垦荒,殊不知看似荒芜的土地却是达雅人世代相传的习俗地。土地纠纷和利益瓜分无法圆满解决,达雅人在上诉失败又求助无门的情况下,为保有土地,只好诉诸武力,以“巴冷刀”和长矛来做另一番的抗争,于是械斗、攻击、偷盗事件就接踵而来。<br />
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<b>B 商业活动</b><br />
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除了农耕活动,商业活动也引发了不少族群间的问题。为了避免华人和其他族群杂居,衍生出种种社会问题,布洛克政府划清各族活动界限。为了避免各种欺诈拐骗之事,政府还进一步规定各个族群不得共处杂居,尤其不许华人匿居达雅人长屋之中,违规者一律重罚。1914年,一名达雅屋长因为允许华商住在长屋里而被迫交出15斤稻谷来抵罪。 <br />
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早期华人在砂拉越的商业活动,除了在市集或商店里摆卖杂货以外,就以流动船贩最为常见。为了更严密监督华商在各地的商业活动,政府规定华商和船贩必须向地方官员申请准证,每个月必须到政府办事处报到并更新他们的营业准证。<br />
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对这样的一种做法,布洛克政府说,那是为了更有效的保护华商的利益和人身安全,也为了保护其他族群免受华商的剥削和欺骗。<br />
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华人在砂拉越各地的商业活动直接冲击了马来商人的市场和所得,却也为内陆族群提供了另一种交易模式。1883年砂拉越宪报中记录了马鲁帝省长克劳(Claude Champion de Crespigny)的一段话:<br />
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…之前阿邦尼帕很反对古晋的华人到这里(马鲁帝)做生意,但现在却巴不得更多华人到这里来。他和他的族人(肯雅人)听到垦发(华人公司行号)工人报出的价码都吓了一大跳,因为最上好的黑棉布只卖两块钱。马来商人卖的布,最劣等的黑布都要三块钱…来自汶莱的一些马来人对此非常不满,他们说,如果华商继续用这种价码来做生意,他们就完蛋了。不过他们最气的是,垦发的工人竟然没有讨价还价,不压低价钱,一口气就用32块钱买下一麻袋的古塔胶。 <br />
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华商带着布匹、食品和油、盐等杂货到内陆地区和当地人交换土产和林产。华商需要达雅人的原产品,而达雅人则依靠华商提供日常用品和其它物资。在交易上,除了物物交换和少数货币流通外,大多数华商都以赊账的方式来促销货物,保住固定顾客群并确保土产的持续供应。<br />
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商业上的交易拉近了华人和达雅人之间的距离,尽管不谙达雅语,一些商家仍能“比手划脚”来达成交易, 而原本建立在利益之上的商业关系后来也渐渐架构起另一种相互依持的社会关系。<br />
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由于砂拉越内陆交通不发达,往来各地耗时费力,住在内陆的达雅人往往每隔一段时日才会带着各种土产,撑船到市区去换取日常用品和食品。<br />
在我所收录的口述历史中,就有一些相当生动的叙述。先前家里经营杂货店的陈爱珍对当年店里的“拉子”印象深刻。<br />
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…拉子通常都是整群人来的,有时他们也住在我们店里。我们睡楼上,他们睡楼下,厨房各处随他们去睡。我父亲担心一些拉子会生事,在睡前会把他们的巴冷刀收起来,半夜也会起来看看。拉子一来,我们家的米就要收起来,只拿一些出来煮给他们吃。我们通常会从店里拿一些江鱼仔(小鱼干)、蒜头和大葱给他们配饭,他们会把大葱和蒜头剥成一瓣瓣,夹着江鱼仔配饭吃。<br />
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在他们钱不够用或有急用的时候,达雅人就会把长屋里比较值钱的东西拿来抵押,等他们有钱的时候,就拿钱来赎回他们的东西…。<br />
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当年大多数华人都做“拉子生意”,当然其中也不乏靠欺诈来赚取丰厚利润的奸商<br />
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以前拉子生意很好赚,他们不会算账,有些华人就骗他们。东西拿到长屋里去卖,明明只有12两,却说成一斤,那些拉子给华人“砍”到半生死。 <br />
为着丰厚的利润,华人船贩不顾生死的带着货物往返内地长屋,扩大了经济链,改变了内陆地区原有的经济活动和商业模式,却也衍生出不少骇人听闻的社会问题,华人船贩惨遭杀害、砍头的案例不在少数。 <br />
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<b>(2)社会-文化习俗</b><br />
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异族通婚现象的普遍 ,强化了华人与其他族群之间的关系,却凸显了不同族群之间的文化和价值观差异。早期的异族婚姻多以离散告终,布洛克政府严禁华人携带本地女子回国,以免她们在异乡受苦。 然而,这样的禁令却塑造了无数个如“大禄士” 和“拉子妇” 般的悲惨人生,加深族群之间的仇恨。<br />
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当然,异族通婚也是文化融合的催化剂,尽管无法完全融合,却也促成一些砂拉越特有的超族群文化习俗,如节庆和婚丧礼仪。 <br />
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<b>(3)教育</b><br />
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向来注重教育的华人在南来后在各地兴建学校,教育下一代。根据1950年的统计数据,单是只有7万人的诗巫地区,在1948年前创办的学校就有111所之多。<br />
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学校,是传承文化、教授知识的所在,也是强化族群关系的机制。数十年来,砂拉越各地华小教育了华人子弟,也造福了不少达雅族子弟。达雅人入读华小的原因很多,但语言和文化的接触却在潜移默化中修补了、促进了族群关系,这是相当可喜的现象。<br />
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<b>(三)族群关系的转折点-万隆会议</b><br />
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砂拉越华人与达雅人的族群关系经历了超过一个世纪的洗练,从早期的紧绷与僵化到后来的谅解与包容,从无知排斥到了解包容,这其中涵括了很多主客观因素,而1955年周恩来在万隆会议中的宣布是最主要的转折点。<br />
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二战前的砂拉越华人基本上仍徘徊在去留之间,他们以“侨居海外的中国人”自居,一心只想赚钱,衣锦还乡,他们心向祖国,关心的是中国国内的政局变化, 对所在地没有归属感,更缺乏政治参与感,对族群关系自然也淡然处之。事实上,从砂拉越各地华人学校校名,如中华、建兴、中兴、华兴、光华、中国、兴华、汉光、民强、振华等就可以看出当时华人的国家认同感。<br />
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从砂拉越华人对反清革命、筹赈祖国抗日战争活动以及1949年新中国的成立,乃至1950年间“回国青年热潮”的热衷 和在1946年砂拉越让渡事件中的冷漠就可清楚知道大多数华人当时的政治立场和想法。不少学者将这种现象解读为“侨民意识”。 <br />
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这样的“侨民意识”让华人在所在地固步自封,以华人社团和宗亲会形成的保护膜来隔绝所有“非华因素”,他们的主要社交活动都圈定在华社之内,即便与其他族群有互动,也仅止于点头之交,周遭的事都不关己,无需枉费心思经营。因为对他们来说,砂拉越始终是一个“客居”的地方。 <br />
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1955年,星马侨领组织商业考察团到中国会见周恩来,当时周恩来已清楚表明中国政府的意愿,即“希望华侨在外落地生根,遵守当地法律,争取当地公民权,参与当地政治活动。” <br />
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同年4月,中国总理周恩来在印尼万隆会议上主张“解决华侨双重国籍问题,重点应鼓励华侨自愿选择所在国国籍。”<br />
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周恩来强调,“凡已经或自愿取得当地国籍的华侨,就当然丧失中国国籍,他们和中国的关系是亲戚关系。华人成为所在国公民以后,应当效忠入籍的国家,应当同当地人民一道为所在国政治、经济独立和文化繁荣作出贡献。同时也希望海外华人为促进所在国人民同中国人民的友谊,为两国之间经济文化交流起积极作用,以利于促进我国同华人众多的国家的友好关系。” <br />
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周恩来的宣布切断华人的归乡路,扭转了华人的政治意识,也改变了华人对所在地的认同感和他们的思维方式。<br />
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截然不同的身份和定位改变了华族移民的思维和生活方式,在思索如何将他乡变故乡之际,他们也开始反思与其他族群的关系及相处之道<br />
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当时虽然有一部分华人仍坚持效忠中国,但更多华人却认为既然祖国政府已经表明立场,华人就应该摒除回国念头,把砂拉越当成祖国,积极开展新生活,融入所在地的社群,通过各种管道维护这个新祖国的利益。 <br />
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砂拉越华人在万隆会议前后的作为和态度全然不同,尤其在砂拉越政治上的表现更是让人刮目相看。他们一改让渡事件中的漠然与冷眼旁观,在砂拉越掀起一股反殖浪潮。1956年,成立了诗巫各业职工联合会,1957年古晋华商职员联合会修改章程,易名古晋职工联合会,以求领导工人争取新祖国的独立。随后, 古晋和诗巫各地纷纷成立工人团体, 集合工人力量,剑指英殖民地政府。<br />
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除了组织工人团体,华人知识分子也积极参与地方议会选举,将触角探入砂拉越政界。<br />
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观念的改变使砂拉越华人面对现实,积极修复与其他族群,尤其达雅人的关系,在此期间,砂拉越的族群关系着实跨前一大步。1959年,砂拉越华人商家和工运领袖结合达雅人组成砂拉越首个跨族群政党-砂拉越人民联合党(SUPP),强调不分种族,以促进多元民族和睦共处并效忠砂拉越本邦为宗旨。 <br />
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尽管砂拉越人民联合党后来走向共产党,也逐渐成为以华人为主导的华基政党路线,但相较于1962年成立的砂拉越华人公会,简称“砂华”,人联党所涵括的范围和对象更大、更广,在后来数十年的砂州政坛上也发挥了相当大的影响力。<br />
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而此后,砂拉越政界也出现越来越多华人代表。1970年砂拉越人民联合党与土著党联手组成联合政府,虽然一些人并不认同这个决定,但此举维护了砂拉越政局的稳定,进一步保障了砂拉越人民的生活和权益。这也说明砂拉越华人所寻思的不再只是本身族群的利益,他们已经清楚意识到,国家和社会的繁荣与进步有赖于全民的团结与努力,这也是足以维系砂拉越良好族群关系最大的力量。<br />
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<b>六、结语</b><br />
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早期的锚泊时代,“客居”华人和达雅人,甚至和统治者之间的互动及关系(无论依附或抗衡)多建立在利益之上,无论是对立或友好,都和个人及族群利益脱离不了干系。<br />
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因此华人用杆秤换取财富,用财富换取保障;达雅人则用巴冷刀兑换权益,用权益保障生活。那是一段杆秤(钱)与巴冷(权)的锒铛对决。<br />
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万隆会议后,砂拉越华人开始寻思自我的定位,从客居到定居,从冷漠到热衷,从排斥到面对,甚至接受,华人找到了自己的立足点,确认了本身的国籍和身份,踏踏实实的将这一片异乡变成自己的故乡。<br />
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对砂拉越华人来说,他们不再是人在砂州,心向中国的“原乡人”。 他们是生于斯,长于斯的砂拉越人,他们必须顾及其他族群的利益和福祉,打造一个互惠互利的和谐社会才能确保整体的安定与进步。<br />
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如此的思维转变对砂州的族群关系有很大的助益,也推动了近代砂拉越在各方面的发展。<br />
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砂拉越融洽和谐的族群关系向来为人所津津乐道,2014年大马首相署部長丹斯里佐瑟古律(專司國民團結)就曾呼吁西馬西馬半島人民向沙巴和砂拉越的大馬人學習宗教容忍及種族和諧。<br />
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“容忍”是東馬的多元民族與宗教的社會能和平共處的方程式,他們沒有抱持“自以為是”的態度。在東馬,人民的日常生活,已跨越種族及宗教的界線和藩篱,真正的和諧已成為一種日常文化,他們可接受不同的文化,一戶家庭信仰不同的宗教,或異族通婚,都不是問題。” <br />
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而随着砂拉越现任首长丹斯里阿迪南对华人身份和华小贡献的肯定, 华人早已成为土生土长的砂拉越人,与这片土地上的所有族群同存共荣。<br />
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中国著名社会学者田汝康在他1949年的《砂拉越华人报告书》中呼吁殖民地政府“…只有给新移民在所在地发展的机会,让他们真正参与所在地事物,完全分担社会责任,他们才得以开始着手打造一个全新的环境和氛围,如此才有可能让新移民社群对滋养他们的侨居地衍生出一种新的情感。” <br />
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32年后田汝康再访砂拉越,欣见当年的愿景已成事实。实际上,华人需要的不只是殖民地政府给予的机会,砂拉越华人的自觉自知给了自己和政府以及这片土地一个进步的机会,那才是真正的进步动力,而随之而来的良好族群关系则是砂拉越最大的资产。<br />
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<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-7934147908642085292015-07-22T20:32:00.000+08:002015-07-22T20:32:00.266+08:00(婆羅洲華人國際學術研討會) 广西民族大学郑一省教授----印尼华人社团的在地化初探<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>郑一省教授.</b><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">二战以后,随着印尼的华侨社会转变为华人社会,印尼华人社会发生了不同以往的变化,其突出的现象之一就是华人社团的在地化。所谓印尼华人社团的在地化,即印尼华人社团名称、宗旨与功能的印尼化。与传统的华人社团不同的是,在地化的印尼华人社团不是以中国原乡的地名,而是以印尼某地的地名或校名作为其社团的名称。除了名称印尼化外,这类印尼华人社团的宗旨、功能等都与传统的社团有所区别。在地化的华人社团有许多类型。既有以印尼具体地区或县市名称命名的社团,也有以印尼的某些学校或地域的象征特征命名的社团。在地化的印尼华人社团虽然在印尼的许多地区都出现,但更多的是在印尼的雅加达,以及外岛地区。在地化印尼社团的建立,主要是发生在后苏哈托时期。这类社团的出现不仅反映了华人社会的某些特征,而更主要的是印尼华人融入主流社会与文化认同变迁的结与东南亚其他国家的华人社会一样,印尼华人社团经历了曲折的发展过程</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">。</span><br />
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">与东南亚其他国家的华人社会一样,印尼华人社团经历了曲折的发展过程,从二战前的</span>500<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">多个,发展到</span>20<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">世纪</span>50<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">年代中期的</span>2100<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">多个。在苏哈托时期执政时期,印尼华人社团作为华人社会的三大支柱之一受到打压,除以少数基金会为主的华人团体保留外,还残存一些姓氏(宗族)和慈善等社团。</span>1998<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">年苏哈托下台后,印尼进入民主改革的转型阶段,而接任的哈比比政府解除了党禁,政治环境比以前宽松。从</span>1999<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">年</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">月瓦希德获当选总统,一直到梅加瓦蒂、苏西诺上台执政以来,各届政府实行多元文化和多元民族方针,为华人社团的复苏和发展提供了良好的条件和空间,各地华人社团如雨后春笋般地大量涌现。据不完全统计,目前全印尼的华人社团有</span>700<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">多个。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体;">其中,以印尼某些地域或某些学校命名的华人社团不断产生,成为当代印尼华人社团的一个特殊现象。</span><br />
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">一、印尼华人在地化社团的类型与特点</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">有关印尼华人的在地化社团何时出现,由于目前调查尚未深入,所以不能获得准确的信息。不过,从一些在地化华人社团的历史资料来看,大多是在</span>20<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">世纪</span>90<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年代产生。例如,以坤甸地方特色命名的“赤道基金会”,</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">便诞生于</span>1998<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年。赤道基金会的一位创立人在选举第五届监事领导人时这样回忆道:</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">“赤道”这个由西加里曼丹旅居雅加达的人士,以高度的热心组成的团体,从开始第一个活动算起,经历了十五个年头。首次的活动是筹备举行西加乡亲演唱会。当时是</span>1995<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,还是新秩序执政时期,仍禁止华人集会结社,有时在家招待客人,超过十人以上时,也耽心会被警察追究,何况要召集上千人的集体活动呢。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">也是时机恰巧,正当西加一群乡亲跃跃若试筹备演唱会,欲行又止之际,恰逢我国印度尼西亚建国五十周年金禧之年,新秩序政府宣布开放给个阶层人士筹组庆祝活动。这群热心人士雀跃而起,毅然组织庆祝单位。参加工作的义工竟达一百多人。当时,位于加者玛达大厦内的沁园大酒店(即今</span>Millenium<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">大酒楼),特别提供会议室作为监事会所开会。从此,“赤道之音”为名的演唱会于</span>1995<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年实现了心愿。接下去</span>1996<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">—</span>1997<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,在苏第约诺少将监护下,连续再次在沁园酒家演出成功,都获得乡亲们热烈的支持和参与。</span>1997<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年第二次演出后,乡亲们即开始筹备组织合法社团,获得</span>91<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">位西加各地知名人士参加,捐资创立了“赤道基金会”。</span>1998<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年我国民主改革后立案于公正人事事务所,于</span>1999<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span>19<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日举行会所典礼。从此西加旅耶人士,有了“乡亲之家”,写下了赤道基金会历史篇章,为西加旅耶乡亲们构建了回馈家乡疏导福利的渠道。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">从这位监事人的回忆录来看,印尼华人在地化的社团成立也经历了曲折的过程。在</span>20<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">世纪</span>90<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年代,印尼与中国的关系逐渐恢复,特别是自苏哈托下台后印尼的民主化进程加快,当地华人的生存空间渐入正轨,多种因素促使了包括印尼华人在地化社团的产生与发展。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(一)印尼华人在地化社团的类型</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">与传统的社团相比,印尼华人的在地化社团既有与传统的社团有类似的地方,也有不同之处。所谓印尼华人社团的在地化,是指其社团名称、宗旨与功能的印尼化。与传统的华人社团不同的是,在地化的印尼华人社团不是以中国原乡的地名而命名,而是以印尼某地的地名或校名作为其社团的名称。除了名称印尼化外,这类印尼华人社团的宗旨、功能等都与传统的社团有所区别。印尼华人在地化社团的类型主要有以下几种</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;">。</span></div>
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1<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、同乡会</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">同乡会是以地缘为主要联系纽带而形成的社团。这种同乡会,与以往华侨所成立的同乡会有很大的区别,它不是以早期华侨原乡为名称,而是以当今华人所出生或居住的印尼某地域或地方的名称而命名。例如,孟加映同乡会、三发旅耶乡亲互助会、锡江旅椰乡亲联谊会、雅加达先达同乡联谊会、苏北丁宜旅椰同乡会等等</span>:</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">孟加映同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">加里曼丹</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">坤甸</span>(2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三发旅耶乡亲互助会(同乡会)</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地加里曼丹</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2003<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">锡江旅椰乡亲联谊会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏拉威西岛</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2004<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">雅加达先达同乡联谊会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1998<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">苏北丁宜旅椰同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1999<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">东爪哇仙谿总会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">山口洋福律旅椰乡亲会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地加里曼丹</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2000<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三马林达旅椰同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地加里曼丹</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1999<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">西利勿拉湾旅棉同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点棉兰</span>(1998<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">司马委明灯德朗同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2015<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">马达山同乡联谊会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点棉兰</span>(1999<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">望加丽旅椰同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1995<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">邦加同乡联谊会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2000<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">西加邦戛地区乡亲会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地加里曼丹</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2008<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">亚齐旅椰同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">西加邦加宁(</span>Menjalin<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)乡亲互助会(乡亲会)</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地加里曼丹</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1997<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">亚齐瓜拉新邦旅雅同乡联谊会(联谊会)</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1995<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">奇沙兰同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1997<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">坤甸新埠头旅椰同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地加里曼丹</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2008<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">丹绒勿拉哇同乡会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2010<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">雅城先达同乡公会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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2<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、校友会</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">校友会是以学缘为联系而成立的社团,这类在地化社团比较多,应该占在地化华人社团的主要部分。它是当今华人为了纪念以前在印尼各地读书时的华文学校,联合在这所学校读书的校友而建立起来的社团。比如,巴中校友会、旅雅玛中校友联谊会、振强一家校友会、八华校友会、侨众校友会、兴安校友会、新华校友会、中华中学校友会、中公校友会等等。</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">印尼华人在地化校友会</span>:</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">八华校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1998<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">巴中校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1999<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">旅雅玛中校友联谊会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2000<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">旅椰坤甸振强校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">侨众校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点泗水</span>(1999<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>) </div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">中华中学校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2000<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>) </div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">中公校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三民校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2002<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">梦华校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点泗水</span>(2000<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">楠榜旅雅校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2003<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">醒民校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2000<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">旅雅山口洋南中校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地加里曼丹</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2004<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">新文校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2003<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">老平校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1999<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三马林达旅雅华校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地加里曼丹</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2005<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">旅雅邦加烈华校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2004<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">万隆旅雅侨中校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">勿里洞旅雅建新校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2002<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">西加邦戛旅雅中华中小学校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2002<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">老华校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点亚加上</span>(1999<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">北加浪岸华校校友联谊会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2000<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">群进校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">群益校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2000<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">钧陶校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地地爪哇</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">雅加达</span>(2003<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">棉兰苏东中学旅椰与海外五联学友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地苏门答腊</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(2004<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">苏北先达先华校友会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">学校原居地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点棉兰</span>(2009<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三、基金会</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">除了以印尼某地方或学校命名的同乡会和校友会外,还有一些以印尼某地域特征命名的基金会。赤道基金会、万隆渤良安福利基金会、万隆圣光道观基金会、就是这种类型。赤道基金会其实是迁移至雅加达的加里曼丹坤甸华人组织的。之所以要取名赤道基金会,是因为坤甸刚好是赤道线经过的地方。在现今的坤甸,还专门建立了一个赤道线纪念馆,向世人开放。除了这类基金会外,还有一些是以某地域的宗教或养老院场所命名的。比如万隆渤良安福利基金会、万隆圣光道观基金会、三宝垄万福宫基金会和勿拉湾老武汉德慈善</span>(<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">老人院</span>)<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">基金会等等。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">印尼华人在地化基金会</span>:</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">赤道基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地加里曼丹</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1997<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">万隆渤良安福利基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点万隆</span>(1983<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">万隆圣光道观基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点万隆</span>(1987<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三宝垄万福宫基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点三宝垄</span>(1990<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">勿拉湾老武汉德慈善</span>(<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">老人院</span>)<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地苏门答腊</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点勿拉湾</span>(2000<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>) </div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">雅加达苏曼佛教基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达西区</span>Cideng Barat<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">街</span>8<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">号</span>(1989<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三宝垄大觉寺基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点三宝垄</span>(1987<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">雅加达老子街卡里姆·黄</span>(Karim Oei)<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1986<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">马吉朗隆福庙基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点日惹</span>(1988<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">民礼镇元寺基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地苏门答腊</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点民礼市</span>(2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">三宝垄泽海庙基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点三宝垄</span>(1986<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">万由玛斯文德庙基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点万由玛斯县</span>(1985<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)</div>
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CAHAYA SAKTI<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">基金会</span>--<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">原住地爪哇</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成立的地点雅加达</span>(1998<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>)
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(二)印尼华人在地化社团的特点</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">传统的印尼华人社团,其名称是以华侨的原乡而命名的,如印尼福建社团联谊总会共有</span>15<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">个成员,其分别是南安同乡联谊会、晋江同乡会、永春同乡联谊会、印尼许氏宗亲总会、永定会馆、福清公会、金门互助基金会、印尼安溪福利基金会、东方音乐基金会、龙岩同乡会、吉祥山基金会(福州同乡会)、兴安会馆、同安互助基金会、印尼林氏宗亲联谊会,印尼惠安同乡联谊会。这个福建社团联谊总会既包括了一些宗亲会,但主要是以原籍福建各县市命名的同乡会。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">与传统的印尼华侨华人社团不同的是,在地化印尼华人社团主要是以当地的某区域的名称而建立的。从在地化印尼华人社团来看,其大致分为三种类型,即同乡会、校友会和基金会。这几种类型的在地化华人社团,既与传统华人社团有一些共性,也有其各自的特点。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">同乡会,是较能反映华人社团在地化特征的组织。这里社团,大多数属于移民社团。换句话说,这种社团的建立似乎是“复制”了华人先辈建立社团的模式,即一些从不同地域移植到一个城市的老乡们建立的。不过,这种同乡会并非以中国某地域的地名,而是以当今印尼华人在其某地域出生或居住的地名而命名的。这类同乡会一个较为显著的特点,即大多是在雅加达建立的,是外岛华人移民该地的产物,大多被冠以“旅椰”(雅)。地域细分化也是这类在地化华人社团的另一个特点,许多社团不仅是代表某一个大区域的组织,而且有许多是很小地域单位的组织,比如坤甸新埠头旅椰同乡会,它其实是坤甸某一个地区新旧商业区(居民区)的别称。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">校友会,是构成印尼华人在地化社团的主要部分。这类社团的特点,一是在印尼各地都有分布,但主要是在雅加达建立,其很大一部分是属于移民社团,许多这类社团也被冠以“旅椰”(雅);二是这类社团大多数是纪念苏哈托执政时期被查封或取缔的华文学校而建立起来的。比如,雅加达八华校友会成立于</span>2001<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年。八华学校是印尼最早、也最有影响的一所华文学校,由印尼中华会馆创立于</span>1901<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,最早叫中华学校。</span>1905<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,印尼华人李登辉创办的英文学校并入中华学校,成为印尼最早的一所中英双语学校,因为学校位于八帝贯街,所以</span>1905<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年易名为八华学校,后一直沿用。八华校友会成立后,直接推动了后来八华学校在</span>2008<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年的成功复办。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">基金会,也是印尼华人在地化社团的组织。这种社团的建立可以分为两类,一类是以某地域的特征而建立起来的组织,如赤道基金会。还有一类是当地华人庙宇所建立的基金会。这类基金会,在在地化华人社团中占有较大的比例。这些庙宇都是在印尼本地兴建起来的,它在华人社会中发挥着文化中心的作用。除了以某地域特征和以当地庙宇建立的基金会外,还有一些以校友会为基础建立的基金会,比如</span>CAHAYA
SAKTI<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">基金会。它是雅加达中华中学的基础上建立的。这所学校创办于</span>1939<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>6<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日,后在</span>1965<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年被迫关闭。</span>1980<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,原该校的几位学生与老师,商议共同出资创办了</span>CAHAYA
SAKTI<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">基金会,成立了常务理事会,并推动着中华中学的重新复办。然而,由于内外一些原因,中华中学复办计划在短时期内无法实现。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">二、印尼华人在地化社团的功能与跨国网络</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在人类的社会生活中</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">为了实现和维护自身利益</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人们有组织地参与各种社会活动而形成各式各样的的社会团体。社会社团是人类社会的交流与互动现象</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">是人类社会体系或结构的重要组成部分。在现代社会</span>, <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">随着人类社会利益的分化、复杂化、多样化</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">以及应对自然或人类社会本身的各种挑战,人类之间的交流与互动加快,社团得到较大发展</span>,
<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">其功能日益凸现,社团的跨国网络得以形成与扩张。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(一)印尼华人在地化社团的功能</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">功能主义人类学认为,功能是一种需要,特别是对于人类社会的文化,它作为人类所需要的催生物,其主要的功能就是满足人类的基本需要与衍生的需求。</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">与传统华侨华人社团一样,在地化外华人社团的功能也十分广泛</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">除了为同乡同窗人士提供福利和教育上的帮助之外</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">还十分关注主流社会的自然灾害及民众的疾苦。</span></div>
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1<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">向同乡同窗提供福利和教育上的帮助</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">为同乡提供福利和教育上的帮助,是在地化与传统华人社团的一个共同点,作为在地化的华人同乡社团,最重要的也是关心其同乡的福利。例如,锡江旅椰乡亲联谊会成立以来,除了联络乡亲、加强团结、互助互爱,捐赠孤老院和给华人贫困学生提供助学金等。</span>2015<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span>28<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日上午,锡江旅椰乡亲联谊会银会近百名会员回到故乡,前往锡江</span>
Pangamasean<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">爱心孤儿院及老人院慰问孤老,给老人和孩子们送去了善款、纱笼、浴巾、文具、玩具、食物等必需品。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在教育方面,在地化华人社团投入了大量的精力关怀下一代的成长。赤道基金会建立后,一直对本社团的同乡子女的教育十分重视。从</span>2004<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年起,赤道基金会启动了扶贫教育工程。除了颁发助学金,也支持修建华文补习所,带动各乡里兴建华文教学校舍。赤道基金会还根据实际,提出了“国文精深化,华文普及化”的理念,从原定只资助九年基础教育,也同时推行资助高校奖学金的方案,资助学生的人数逐年增加。</span>2004<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年至</span>2011<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年赤道基金会扶贫教育受惠生总数达</span>4223<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人,其中</span>2004<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年为</span>119<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人,</span>2005<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年为</span>176<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人,</span>2006<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年为</span>498<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人,</span>2007<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>544<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人,</span>2008<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>762<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人,</span>2009<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年为</span>60<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人,</span>2010<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年为</span>763<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">人。</span></div>
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2<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">、参与当地社会的济贫救灾活动</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在地化华人社团由于诞生在当地,其较为主动走出华人社会的小圈子</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">积极地参与面向当地国大社会的济贫救灾活动</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">从而有效地增进了民族情感</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">民族之间的和谐。</span></div>
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2002<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年西加里曼丹各地发生严重水灾,西加旅耶各社团、乡亲会、同学会,在赤道基金会和山口洋同乡会统筹下即联合进行赈灾工作。在西加各地社团负责人协助下,及时把救灾物品送至各灾区赈救灾民。救灾结束后,于</span>2003<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月初旬,在赤道基金会所成立了西加旅耶乡亲赈灾委员会,当时推选官德添、黄石和、陈绍秋三人共同负责执行工作,各方人士捐来的赈款,交给赤道基金会保管,若有天灾将及时援助。</span>2004<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日,赈灾委员会召开年会,报告财政收支,及讨论西加三发地区发生水灾问题。当时得到孟加映乡亲理事会报告及三发县县长电传通知该地灾情严重,受灾地区有六个乡镇,三十个乡村灾民计有</span>5944<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">户,赈灾委员会即日决定,透过三发旅椰互助会经手委托三发互助会负责人进行实地了解,然后由三位理事人共同决定从去年救灾款中拨出</span>2500<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">万盾,交三发市互助会购买十吨大米给三发县政府发放给灾民。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">自</span>2010<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年起,锡纳朋火山反复喷发,迫使当地受灾居民到收容所避难。马达山同乡联谊会自火山爆发一开始,发起组织了一个“锡纳朋关爱行动小组”与当地的一些华人社团联袂前往卡罗县</span>9<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">个灾民收容所分发赈灾物资,包括大米、食用油、咸鱼、蒜头、辣椒酱、酱油、以及现金。</span>2014<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>12<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月,锡纳朋火山再度爆发,马达山同乡联谊主席黄耀汉呼吁雅加达和苏北各界人士继续为锡纳朋火山灾民提供援助,直到火山喷发停息为止。他阐明,分发给锡纳朋火山灾民的援助物资来自关心灾民困境的雅加达社会人士和旅居雅</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">加达的苏北各界人士,其中包括企业家、社团和宗教界名流。据统计,马达山同乡联谊会、警方和卡罗社群协会被信托统筹收集和分发援助物资,总值</span>3.75<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">亿盾的援助物资包括</span>2<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">亿盾的生活必需品和洗浴用品</span><span lang="ZH-CN"> </span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">,以及</span> 1.75<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">亿盾的现金。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">为了解决灾民的子女上学问题,马达山同乡联谊会和警方联手在卡罗县一些受灾村庄建立了学习之家。自</span>2015<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>1<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月开始推广以来,广受当地民众赞赏,还未建立学习之家的地区也表现出强烈的期待。身为马达山同乡联谊会,也是卡罗社群协会(</span>HMKI<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">)成员的黄耀汉认为,继续为学龄儿童提供教育是我们大家共同的责任,特别是受灾地区的儿童,无论灾情多么严重,他们还是应该接受教育。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">(二)印尼华人在地化社团的跨国网络</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">在当今世界,社团的国际性整合与环球化的趋势方兴未艾</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">成为主导当代海外华人社会发展的一个重要潮流。与传统的华人社团一样,在地化的印尼华人也将社团的国际化视为一种维系地域文化认同,扩展自己的商业与社会网络的新机会。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">许多在地化的印尼华人社团,利用互联网的技术,建立了海内外的联系。或经常召开国际性的联谊会议,加强乡谊和同窗之谊,扩大关系网络。</span>2009<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>10<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日,印尼苏北先达先华校友会在雅加达成立之际,邀请了来自香港、先达、雅加达、泗水、棉兰、楠榜、巴谭、巨港等地</span>700<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">余名校友,呼吁全体先华校友发扬母校精神,和谐团结,与全体先达人肩并肩,为家乡先达教育事业作出贡献。</span></div>
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2012<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年,印尼苏北先达同乡联谊会和苏北先达先华校友会与其他先达人社团共同组织发起了“</span>2012<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年先达人相聚北京”活动,该次盛会在北京国际饭店顺利召开,</span>600<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">多位来自世界各地的先达乡亲欢聚一堂,聚首谈心,加深理解,增强友情。</span>122015<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年</span>3<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">月</span>22<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">日印尼苏北先达同乡联谊会举行了《</span>2015<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">年世界先达人相聚雅加达》筹委会在雅加达太阳城国际大酒楼隆重举行庆典活动,这次庆典主题为“先达一家亲”。出席者有前总统顾问、外交部中东事务司希拉拉希(退休)将军,先达市长代表威斯里等嘉宾及来自美国、加拿大、澳洲、中国、香港、台湾及印尼各地区先达乡亲</span>1200<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">多人。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">这种共有的地域、历史、文化与相同的背景,成为维系当代印尼华人的一个共同纽带。而印尼在地化社团在全国,乃至建构一种跨国网络,开展世界性联谊活动</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">“通过强调某个特定的方言或地缘群体的特殊性以及有关的文化活动</span>,<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">则为世界各地的同乡同宗们提供了一个重温并强化这种群体意识的机会”。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">结语</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">印尼华人社团的在地化,实际上是印尼华人多重认同或叠合性认同的充分体现。自二战后,特别是印尼苏哈托上台实施了对印尼华人的强制同化政策,再则随着印尼华人融入主流意识增强,已实现了从华侨社会向华人社会的转变,印尼华人在地化程度加深,地域认同与文化认同发生了较大的变化。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">地域是一个广阔的概念,它不仅包括人们生活的自然居所,还包涵发生在该地方的社会历史与文化等</span>-<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">地域认同不单是对居住地的认同,更多的是以文化为载体附着在空间的一种意义认知,是一种归属感。地域认同是“一种心理地理学概念,是一种移民对地域的感知,这种感知不是空间本身的作用力的结果,是移民对地理空间的亲近力;这种亲近力是由于移民在一定空间中具有个体经历、亲人、生存机会、社会网络等归属感元素或者变量而对地理空间产生的一种感知”。由于印尼华人融入主流社会的进程加快,特别是对于生于此而长于此的印尼华人,对中国祖籍地的记忆或只是祖辈们的告诫,或只停留在他们的口头上,实质上对他们来说只是一个遥远或模糊的印象,因此那种以中国祖籍地为基础的旧式同乡会或宗亲会等组织在他们看来,其重要性便日趋下降了,而他们目前出生和成长的地方的一草一木,才是他们向往的心仪之地。同时,因移居历史、文化传统和族群构成的差异,以及散居地域明显差异性,印尼华人往往被贴上了爪哇华人、棉兰华人、坤甸华人、邦加华人等地域标签。这种受到在地属性分化的影响,华人为保护各自族群利益的“在地化”组织便诞生了。</span></div>
<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-50331397372546357872015-07-20T15:02:00.001+08:002015-07-20T15:02:14.903+08:00田英成教授---砂拉越華人宗族社會組織結構與形態<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRpdeGbj95Dl4Y3WZH2gjakLrQ5wjqPipmxE-uuXALkn1V-tRBlnf62Vny0GxLB3yVVOVcf6gg458yaobZkTTnxPlNHK57MnjBXXNLp6_GM_VO9vj6HAUsmPhgw38_dfM33x9egrwsaXEG/s1600/Chan-1+%2528Large%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="412" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRpdeGbj95Dl4Y3WZH2gjakLrQ5wjqPipmxE-uuXALkn1V-tRBlnf62Vny0GxLB3yVVOVcf6gg458yaobZkTTnxPlNHK57MnjBXXNLp6_GM_VO9vj6HAUsmPhgw38_dfM33x9egrwsaXEG/s640/Chan-1+%2528Large%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;">田英成教授演講.</span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV5ed6k7CiWFKA1hpJhGuK8ovPHAXIyvlHtt5XUAplIsjIOzDUELkvkEMj5mcJ859T7HUu0vo8Yc7QEu5IgTwu4cG456sRGMV4UCeOFcsyIhG4fo0EqgEjih_7byOQySjIKiTMdGhPMBbA/s1600/Chan-2+%2528Large%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV5ed6k7CiWFKA1hpJhGuK8ovPHAXIyvlHtt5XUAplIsjIOzDUELkvkEMj5mcJ859T7HUu0vo8Yc7QEu5IgTwu4cG456sRGMV4UCeOFcsyIhG4fo0EqgEjih_7byOQySjIKiTMdGhPMBbA/s640/Chan-2+%2528Large%2529.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="background-color: #fafafa; color: #333333; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue Light', HelveticaNeue-Light, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 19.6000003814697px; text-align: justify;">婆羅洲華人國際學術研討會.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">砂拉越是马来西亚土地面积最大的一州,与马半岛的土地面积相近。但人口则只有二百三十万,可谓地大人稀。早年华族移民来自闽粤两省,迄今约六十万人。华人的后代迄今仍在这土地上勤劳作息,努力求存求进步。各种地缘,血缘、业缘社团组织为团结族人而相继成立。宗族组织(宗亲会)分布在砂州三大省份间,与地缘组织并存,形成华人社会一大特色。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">宗亲会是以同宗为基础结合而成的社团组织,它像同乡会(地缘组织)一样存在于早年中国的都市和海外的华人社会。就宗亲会与同乡会来说,一个地区的同乡人口往往比宗亲会人口来得多。同乡人口操用相近的方言,而宗亲人口可能来自许多不同的籍贯,但在血缘上则较为亲近。因此在传统的中国城市常见的还是地缘的会馆居多,在东南亚国家也如此。大型的同乡会馆,会员多,组织大,拥有更多的资产。宗亲会则是晚近才普遍化的一种团体组织。以砂拉越来说,广惠肇会馆在</span>1853<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">年成立,而后潮州公会与福建会馆于稍后也相继成立。但宗亲会最早成立的古晋梅山公所沈氏公会,则迟至</span>1933<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">年成立,田氏公会在</span>1949<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">年成立。这是古晋最早的宗亲组织。在古晋,梅山沈氏与田氏以福建诏安籍居多。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">宗亲会以崇尚孝道及通过宗亲组织联络宗亲互助为本而兴起的,这类宗亲组织显然与中国的宗族制度互为关连。在海外宗亲会已形成华人社会组织的一个重要环节,但她的重要性与所发挥作用,基本上还在地缘性的会馆之下。宗亲源自于同宗血族,在中国华南地区的闽粤两省,许多村庄是单姓家族,或以某姓为主的家族聚居。村落是乡村社会一个主要构成部分。以福建诏安县为例,陈、林、沈许等大姓,往往形成单姓的一个聚居地。中国新政权建立后,姓氏混居才逐渐多起来,但也只有少量新聚落为杂姓聚居。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">在早年的中国,甚至到了清末民初,乡村中不同姓氏为了争夺田地或某些利益而发生群体械斗。河南陈盛韶的《问俗录》可以看到漳州和泉州地区的村民以好斗著称。有组织的械斗在福建非常普遍。陈盛韶在《问俗录》卷四写道:“关于诏安的材料,其中谈到,在诏安,位于大族附近的小族,田园种植,须得大族人为之看管,方保无虞。其利或十而取一,或十三而取一,名曰包總。否则强抢偷窃,敢怒不敢言。”另一学者刘兴唐指出:“首先,弱小宗族的成员不得不小心翼翼,迁就他人。稍有疏忽,即遭毁损。他们无力自保,个人安全没有保证。其次,财产没有保障,可能为人侵占和掠夺。”(注)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">早年的中国乡村社会是如此大族欺辱小族,以至小姓必须团结自保,组成某种乡村团体。延自到海外的华族移民,组成各种地缘与血缘的团体,互助以求存。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">中国乡村社会,特别是闽粤两省,村民聚族而居,有他的客观因素。例如客家人由于语言、风俗诸方面的差异。当他们为生存迁徙入闽为着争夺土地与生存空间,经常与当地先民发生冲突,福建的所谓主客之争,一直延续到民国初期。客家人对于血缘家族关系的依赖和重视,形成了极强的家族凝聚力。求生的本能促使人们去寻求得以自保和自卫的力量,而最自然,最易获得保护力量是血缘团体。而长年的主客之争,也促使福建居民注重聚族而居和发展宗族的势力。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">恩格斯曾说过:“同氏族人必须互相援助、保护,特别是在受到外族人伤害时,要帮助报仇。</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">假使一个氏族成员被外族人杀害了,那么被害者的全氏族必须实行血族复仇。”(注)这种复仇的械斗,在中国旧时的华南地区,常有发生。在社会控制不及或脆弱的地方,血缘关系形成宗法制度,进而演变外化为一种社会秩序。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;"><b>宗族的迁徙</b></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">中国传统文化中最重要的人际关系还是血缘,因此宗族往往成为中国社会结构的基础,这一点在闽粤农村尤其重要(</span>Freedman1958 ,1966<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">)一个移民社会要有足够的人口建立宗族,在理论上至少须具备下述两个条件之一:举族迁徙或足够的世代繁衍。(林圯埔</span>180<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">页)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">举族迁徙的可能性极少,但近亲族人集体移民则异常普遍。老越廖氏,古晋诏安田氏是明显例子。当然同乡在移民海外之后,也多有同一方言群同居一地的普遍现象,这种集同乡又同一宗族的聚落,在二战前的古晋与诗巫</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">乡镇也普遍存在。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">在二战之前,古晋的诏安人则几乎是集中居住在实加玛地区,他们在这里耕种养殖,少数在市区从商。而田姓族人也集中在这一地区营生。笔者在上世纪六十年代末的社会调查:如田氏三房与四房近亲居住同一地区非常明显,他们在诏安田厝村互为邻里,移民古晋之后也互相照应。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">在砂拉越的边境县镇老越(</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">Lawas</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">)</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">,</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">这个县的居民以廖姓居多。在二战之前,廖姓大约占有移民群中的六成以上(约</span><span style="text-indent: 0.5in;">60</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">多巴仙),二战后,特别是六十年代末至七十年代初,由于拉让江流域乡镇受共产武装活动影响,地区时有戒严,乡镇上的福州籍居民开始大量移居外地,民都鲁、美里、林梦及老越地区涌现了大量福州籍华人。虽然如此,迄今老越闽南属的廖姓居民仍然偏高。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">廖姓移民来自泉州府安溪县,在家乡时或是近亲邻里,联袂移民海外,这样可以互相关照,他们操同样的闽南语,同样的生活习俗,他们在商业营运可以互相照顾,形成一个海外的宗族社会。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">早年海外移民,同族聚居的现象极为普遍,这主要是那时的海外,诸如马来半岛或新加坡,经济落后,求生困难,人们在生活上不得不依赖同族同宗的互持。郑振满教授在谈论这一现象时指示:清代台湾虽是新开发的移民地区,同族聚居的现象是相当普遍的。这是因为,在大陆移民渡台之初,为了协同应付复杂的社会生活环境,往往是同乡同族结伴而行,或是先向渡台的同乡同族相互援引,因而从一开始即已形成同乡同族相对集中的趋势。清中叶以后,在一些开发较早的地区,不同祖籍及族姓的移民之间,经常发生械斗,势力较弱的一方往往被迫迁徙到同乡同族人数较多的地区,这就进一步促成了同族聚居规模的扩大。(注)</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">建立宗祠</span>.<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">修族谱</span></b></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">台湾学者唐美君曾经指出,中国的宗族是世界上少见的亲属组织,其重要特性之一是同时兼有血缘、地缘及“共利”这三种社会组织原则。(参见唐美君:《台湾传统的社会结构》,</span>1981<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">宗族是传统中国社会的核心。宗族制度曾是中国传统社会长期以来的纽带,有效地发挥着社会基层组织的作用。族人长期守望相助。早期海外华人社会,家族制度、宗族组织一直延续,并在异国他乡生存并取得成功。当中国实行改革开放政策,打开国门的时候,海外宗亲团体纷纷回乡祭祖、寻根,再度加强了宗亲的联系。重修族谱也展现寻根工作的积极性。</span></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">海外的宗族社会构成,基本上溯源自中国宗亲家族,这种血缘上的组织历经数百年的海外的社会变迁,对宗族组织成规带来不小的冲击,既使在中国,自新中国建立之后的数十年,宗族社会也不复如二战之前的凝聚力,明显的是宗法制度的改变。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">宗族组织以建立宗亲会馆,崇奉祖先为主,但海外的宗亲组织却少有建立宗祠。在砂拉越除少数几个宗族有建立宗祠,如沈氏在古晋及美里皆建</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">有宗祠,在年节时祭拜祖先。田氏则选定一个祖公诞生日(农历五月十九日)</span><span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">作为祭拜祖先的日子。在中国福建诏安田厝村,那是田氏聚居之地。田厝村建有宗祠以备宗亲祭祖。田氏宗祠的对联是“蔴里石沙合一宗而永大,宝和兴盛分四户以连枝。”诏安田氏祖辈有四个兄弟,也就是四个房系。他们在田厝村繁衍生息,三房和四房子孙移居到砂拉越甚多,迄今在砂拉越古晋及美里皆有田氏公会组织,客家惠来田氏族人也参与这一公会组织。在族谱辈分方面,诏安田氏与惠来田氏也都可以清楚联系分辨。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">砂拉越华族人口只数十万人,但由于南来已历一百多年,地缘组织与宗族(血缘)组织已相当普遍。即使一些人口不多的姓氏也有组织宗族社团。华南地区的宗族社会在此仍具有明显迹象。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">众多的宗族社团,其宗族姓氏来自哪个省、县,这里简列一表:</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">沈</span>-------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">诏安、潮州、客家。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">田</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">诏安、广东惠来、福州(少数)。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">贝</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">以客家河婆为主。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">温</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">以客家河婆为多。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">江</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">广宁、福州。</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">方</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">以福州为多。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">蔡</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">客家河婆、福建海澄为多,潮籍少许。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">陈</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">陈姓为大姓,来自多籍贯。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">刘</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">来自多籍贯。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">许</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">来自多籍贯。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">黄</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">来自多籍贯。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">李</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">来自多籍贯,以客家为多。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">张</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">来自多籍贯。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">符</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">海南。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">廖</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">福建安溪为主。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">杨</span>------<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">来自多籍贯,以客家为多。</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif; text-indent: 0.5in;">砂拉越宗族组织,依据各种姓氏组织,由单姓组成,单姓中有分开为某一省县的姓氏。如古晋梅山公所沈氏公会,成员乃诏安县人,潮州沈氏公会会员则来自广东省潮州府邑。江夏黄氏公会会员为黄氏人士,但另有组成福建闽清龙峰黄氏公会,会员则是来自福州闽清龙峰乡人。但大多宗亲组织则是来自各省县的同姓氏族。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">联宗的宗亲组织在砂拉越也不少,诸如六桂堂(方、汪、江、翁、龚、洪),古城会馆(刘、关、张、赵),舜祖公会(陈、田、姚、袁、胡、苗)等。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">联宗组织,通过多个相联系的姓氏,试图追溯继嗣的古老渊源,以及广阔的婚姻网络是中国华南地区的另一特色。例如在广东,作为弱小宗族的胡姓和袁姓与陈氏大族的联合是基于他们都是舜帝的后代。而陈、田原本是同系,只是在春秋时代战乱而分开避难。</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;"><b>结语</b></span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">本文旨在研讨马来西亚砂拉越州的宗族社会与社团组织的形态。这一课题迄今仍少有论著。作者初步的研究,尚须对早年中国海外移民的宗族组织,延伸砂拉越或马来半岛就此课题进一步的探索。</span></div>
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(<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">注释从略</span>)</div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">参考文献</span></div>
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1. <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">族谱:《华南汉族的宗族、风水、移居》(日)濑川昌久著</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">钱杭译</span> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">上海书店出版社</span></div>
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2. <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《明清福建家族组织与社会变迁》郑振满著</span> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">中国人民大学出版社</span></div>
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3. <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《闽西客族宗族社会研究》国际客家学会</span>/<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">海外华人研究社</span>/<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">法国远东学院杨彦杰著</span></div>
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4. <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《当代华南的宗族与社会》周大鸣等著</span></div>
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5. <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《义序的宗族研究》</span> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">林耀华著</span></div>
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6. <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《砂拉越的华人》</span> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">田汝康著</span></div>
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7. <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《近</span>500<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">年来福建的家族社会与文化》陈支平著</span></div>
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8. <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《中国东南的宗族组织》</span><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">莫里斯</span>.<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">韦里德曼著(刘晓春译)</span></div>
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9. <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《客家的宗族社会》</span> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">孔永松、李小平著</span></div>
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10.<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《林圯埔》</span> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">庄英章著</span></div>
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11 .<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">《问俗录》陈盛韶著</span> <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">(台湾省文献委员会印行)</span>2015<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">年</span>5<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;">月</span></div>
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<span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-family: PMingLiU, serif;"><br /></span></div>
Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4111073173063836960.post-51462327321851955162015-06-24T10:49:00.003+08:002015-06-24T10:49:42.235+08:00衛理公會歷史文獻部 泗教區辦教會文物講座<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>黃敬勝博士(牧師)講解「本地教會歷史的重要性」.</b><br />
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<b>衛理公會泗里街教區歷史文獻執行會委員會成員,與年會歷史文獻部副主席黃孟禮(后左一),及講員黃敬勝博士等同合影.后中為該教區歷史文獻執行會主席黃開恩.</b><br />
<br />
a talk on church history, the preservation of church records and artifacts, by the History & Archive section of SCAC, Chinese Methodist Church, Sarawak. Rev (Dr.) Wong is the speaker.<br />
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衛理公會歷史文獻部,2015年5月29日,假泗里街舉辦了一項教區性「本地教會歷史的重要性」講座會.<br />
該會泗里街教區屬下各堂會的代表,均受邀出席參與,以增進年會與他們之間的連繫,同時獲取更多有關教會歷史文件和文物的收藏知識和了解.<br />
年會歷史文獻部部員,詩巫衛理神學院講師黃敬勝博士(牧師),在是項講座會上提醒予會各人,收集教會歷史,是我們共同的責任.<br />
他分析到,所謂“歷史”,包含三層意思:人類社會過去的發展過程,指過去的事.也是對過去的事之記載.它也是人的歷史認識--意識中的過去.<br />
他說,歷史是指對過去事情的記載.或歷史指對人類社會過去的發展過程記載.<br />
歷史的記載,包括了文字、圖像和語言,口頭敘述、錄音、圖畫、照片、電影、電視、光盤、數碼;檔案、賬冊、公文、契約、書信、日記,以至書籍、文章、文學、藝術作品等.<br />
他說,人對歷史的認識,或人所認識的歷史.亦是我們所指的歷史含義.<br />
同時,歷史是對過去的回憶.過去客觀存在的歷史→史料→人們的歷史認識,都是相互有關係的.<br />
他也指出,歷史是一個連續不斷的發展過程,由過去到現在,再到將來.<br />
因此,我們需要學習歷史,明瞭過去,以史為鑒,明正現實.<br />
黃敬勝也指出,我們學習歷史,可以因此更加的愛我們的文化和受我們的教會.從歷史中學習,可以讓我們做基督徒,也可以更明白真理.<br />
因此,他指出,在重視歷史中,會發現文物保護的重要性.這是因為:<br />
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1.文物是文化延續的繩索.文物積聚教會的文化傳統,不同時代的文物反映不同歷史文化背景.同時,也傳承著不同時代的文化理念,比如移民社會的“壓迫與抗爭”,讓度時代和獨立年代的“矛盾與適應”.<br />
2.文物是認識自我歷史的鏡子:基督徒要通過教會歷史文物來自我認識.而歷史文物做為教會團結的象徵,蘊藏著極大的凝聚力,有不可替代的作用.<br />
3.文物是基督教教育的教材.保護歷史文物,使后世子孫能正確認識教會,繼承和弘揚信仰的優良傳統,增強宗教自信心和自豪感.<br />
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<b>忠于歷史的主</b><br />
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衛理公會砂拉越華人年議會屬下的歷史文獻部,它的座右銘是:忠于歷史,忠于歷史的主.<br />
歷史文獻部成立於2001年.目的是藉著收集,保存和研究歷史文物,以期見證神在砂州衞理公會和砂州發展史中作為,強化會友對教會歷史的認識和達到教會歷史教育的果效.<br />
歷史文獻部展望,要妥善和全面保存教會檔案,設置研究部門以加強檔案整理與研究,並編輯出版檔案資料.<br />
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<b>泗里街教區執行會</b><br />
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泗里街教區,歷史文獻執行會委員會:<br />
指導:關采英教區長<br />
顧問:黃德香牧師,黃書榮牧師<br />
主席:黃開恩<br />
文書:黃素冰<br />
財政:劉志和<br />
文物收集主任:劉碧詩,黃祥進<br />
委員:黃能利(懷),張美咏(辟),池玉珠(合),許珠娟(特),阮斯欽(懷),楊有興(廣),范友嵐(萬福達德).<br />
泗里街教區歷史文獻執行會,2015年計划:<br />
1)安排年會歷史文獻部,舉辦教區性講座會.<br />
2)鼓勵各堂會歷史文獻/文字事業委員會撥款給本執行會.<br />
3)由財政負責做個本執行會的蓋章.<br />
4)繼續鼓勵各堂會奉獻文物及文件(一年三件).<br />
5)鼓勵各堂會在文字事工主日,播放有關歷史的照片,以讓會友參加認識本執行會的事工.<br />
6)補發相簿給萬萬堂會.<br />
<br />Stevehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08005422040645081594noreply@blogger.com1